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Operational hydrology report (OHR), 36. Remote sensing for hydrology: progress and prospects
Remote sensing of spectral radiation and the derivation of basic physical parameters hold much promise to aid the hydrologists in their endeavours. This technology is advancing at a rapid pace and so also are its potential applications to the science of hydrology. The report discusses the observational data requirements in operational hydrology and the ability of remote sensing methods, both satellite and aircraft based, to meet these requirements either at present or in the future.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 35. Snow cover measurements and areal assessment of precipitation and soil moisture
The report summarizes and reviews recent developments in the field of areal estimation of precipitation, snow cover, and soil moisture characteristics, including application of remote sensing. The report also provides guidance in assessing the accuracy of areal estimates and contains information on estimation of snowfall using radar data and on statistical estimates of snow cover fields.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 34. Hydrological models for water-resources system design and operation
Most hydrological models are used only for research studies, but in the last two decades many have been introduced into operational practice. This report presents a comprehensive international survey of such operational models, with particular attention being paid to models for real-time forecasting. The conclusions indicate a number of well-developed, operational models, while at the same time noting the serious gaps that require further research and model development.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 32. Cost-benefit assessment techniques and user requirements for hydrological data
In 1980 the Commission for Hydrology established a Working Group on Users' Requirements for Hydrological Information to study the determination of the economic value of hydrological data for water-resource projects and the use of cost-benefit criteria in the optimization of hydrological networks. The reports prepared by members of the group are presented in this publication together with the findings of an international Workshop on the Application of Cost-Benefit Assessment of Hydrological Data for Water-resource Projects held in Geneva in November 1982.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 33. Statistical distributions for flood frequency analysis
The Commission for Hydrology at its sixth session in 1980 decided that a report containing detailed guidance on the merits and selection of distribution types for flood frequency analysis should be prepared. Accordingly the World Meteorological Organization Secretariat arranged the preparation of this report by Dr C. Cunnane, Department of Engineering Hydrology, University College, Galway, Ireland.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 31. Management of groundwater observation programmes
This report, prepared by the Commission for Hydrology Rapporteur on Groundwater, by Dr Y. Bachmat, discusses the groundwater observation programme as part of a management- oriented information system and emphasizes the importance of such a programme for the rational management of groundwater resources.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 29. Manual on operational methods for the measurement of sediment transport
This manual describes the methods and equipment used for the measurement and estimation of sediment load in rivers and reservoirs and discusses the merits of some of the methods and equipment for various river-flow conditions. Recommendations are made for enhancing data acquisition and research on the improvement of operational methods of measurement.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 27. Manual on water quality monitoring - Planning and implementation of sampling and field testing
This manual, the culmination of a Commission for Hydrology project, is intended as a practical handbook for those who plan water-quality sampling programmes, those who carry out the field work and for the training of personnel in the subject of water-quality data collection.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 30. Hydrological aspects of combined effects of storm surges and heavy rainfall on river flow
This report is concerned with the flood hydrology of the lower reaches of rivers where sea level can influence flood levels. It is the outcome of two reports, one on hydrological aspects of the combined effects of storm surge and heavy rainfall on river flow, and the other on the frequency of flooding in rivers subject to sea-storm surges and rainfall-induced floods. At the instigation of the Commission for Hydrology the reports were combined and further expanded to include guidance material on flood modelling in tidal areas and material on forecasting centres.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 25. Tropical hydrology
Part I of the report reviews the similarities and differences between the methods and technology in operational hydrology applicable in tropical regions and in other areas. Recommendations are made on the adaptation of certain techniques to the particular meteorological and hydrological conditions found in the humid tropics and requirements for further research. Part II examines the requirements for meteorological data on tropical cyclones needed for hydrological forecasts in areas subject to cyclones.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 26. Methods of measurement and estimation of discharges at hydraulic structures
A review of methods for the measurement and estimation of discharges at hydraulic structures and pressure conduits with the aim of using such facilities, where they already exist, as an alternative to the construction of discharge measurement stations. Focus is on methods of flow estimation at structures commonly installed in reservoirs, dams and canals as well as standard methods for the measurement of open-channel and pipe flow. Mention is also made of the use of pumping stations and navigation locks.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 24. Level and discharge measurements under difficult conditions
The report, approved by Commission for Hydrology at its seventh session in 1984, constitutes valuable guidance for hydrologists on measuring river flow under difficult conditions and supplements the Guide to hydrological practices (WMO-No. 168) and the Manual on stream gauging (WMO-No. 519).
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 23. Intercomparison of models of snowmelt runoff
This report contains the full results of the WMO project on intercomparison of models of snowmelt runoff which was initiated in 1976 and completed in 1983.
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 22. Casebook on operational assessement of areal evaporation
The loss of fresh water through evaporation and evapotranspiration directly affects the availability of water resources and their development and management for human requirements. In view of the difficulties inherent in measuring areal evaporation with acceptable accuracy, it was decided to collect case studies of various methods of approach to provide practical guidance. Fifteen case studies were selected and are presented here.
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