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全球升温 1,5 °C
本决策者摘要（SPM）根据对涉及全球升温1.5°C的现有科学、技术及社会经济文献2的评估 介绍了本特别报告的关键发现，并用于在全球升温高于工业化前水平1.5°C与2°C之间的比较。与 每项关键发现相关的置信度都使用IPCC的标定语言。3每项关键发现的基本科学依据采用章节内 容的参考索引标示。在SPM中，确定了与报告基础章节相关的知识差距。
GORMP, 58. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2018The Assessment documents the advances in scientific understanding of ozone depletion reflecting the thinking of the many international scientific experts who have contributed to its preparation and review. These advances add to the scientific basis for decisions made by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. It is based on longer observational records, new chemistry- climate model simulations, and new analyses.
Understanding the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C
In 2015 governments adopted the Paris Agreement to tackle climate change (see below) and invited the IPCC to prepare a special report in 2018 to assess the impacts and related pathways of warming of 1.5ºC. This brief provides context and explanation of key concepts for policymakers, media and others about the Special Report on 1.5°C, scheduled to be published, subject to approval, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018. This brief is produced prior to the release of the report and therefore does not contain results from the report itself.
Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - UNEP, 2016The specific objectives of the assessment are to:
1. Synthesise and highlight the environmental and socio-economic causes and impacts of SDS, as well as available technical measures for their mitigation, at the local, regional and global levels.
2. Show how the mitigation of SDS can yield multiple sustainable development benefits.
3. Synthesize information on current policy responses for mitigating SDS.
4. Present options for an improved strategy for mitigating SDS at the local, regional and global levels, building on existing institutions and agreements.
...Promoting ecosystems for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation : Opportunities for Integration
This discussion paper examines differences and similarities between ecosystem-based approaches to disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) and ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation (EBA).
It suggests key integration points at the project level through examining a number of Eco-DRR, EBA and hybrid (Eco-DRR/CCA) projects. A total of 38 (Eco-DRR, EBA and hybrid Eco-DRR/CCA) projects are examined in terms of their aims, assessments, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and policy and institutional contexts to understand how in practice these approaches differ and overlap and ...
Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer: 2014 update : Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2015To help maintain a broad understanding of the relationship between ozone depletion, ODSs, and the Montreal Protocol, this component of the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014 presents 20 questions and answers about the often-complex science of ozone depletion. Most questions and answers are updates of those presented in previous Ozone Assessments, and a few have been expanded to address newly emerging issues. The questions address the nature of atmospheric ozone, the chemicals that cause ozone deple tion, how global and polar ozone depletion occur, the extent of ozone depletion, the ...Africa's adaptation gap 2 : technical report
While the first Africa Adaptation Gap Report demonstrated how delaying action would result in exponentially rising costs down the road, this second report now turns to possible solutions to respond to this urgency. Based on the analyses contained in this report, policy makers can consider how all options at international, regional and national levels can complement each other.
The report builds on the UNEP 2014 emissions gap report that asserts that by 2050, Africa’s adaptation costs could rise to USD 50 billion per year for a scenario holding global warming below 2°C, and up to ...
Establishing a WMO sand and dust storm warning advisory and assessment system regional node for West Asia : current capabilities and needs - Executive summary
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - WMO, 2013 (WMO-No. 1122)The report, Establishing a WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System Regional Node for West Asia: Current Capabilities and Needs, has been elaborated under the overall supervision of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch, with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Office for West Asia. Its aim is to assess the observation and prediction capabilities of sand and dust storms in West Asia and provide guidance in establishing a WMO Sand and Dust Storm (SDS) Warning Advisory and Assess ...
Establishing a WMO sand and dust storm warning advisory and assessment system regional node for West Asia : current capabilities and needs - Technical report
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - WMO, 2013 (WMO-No. 1121)Sand- and Dust Storms (SDS) are a major problem in West Asia, where their main characteristics – intensity, extent and frequency – are either not well known or have not yet been scientifically addressed. The growing concern of countries in the region about these phenomena has led to a number of high-level international meetings in recent years at which the creation of a system for SDS monitoring and forecasting has repeatedly been raised.Research priorities on vulnerability, impacts and adaptation responding to the climate change challenge
UNEP, 2013This set of research priorities was developed by the Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA) in consultation with both experts and policymakers to respond to the demand for better coordination of research. The research priorities include new and emerging topics, the importance of which is now coming into focus, and topics that have long been recognized as important but for which research is still required. They reflect the balance between research supply from experts and research demand from policymakers.
The focus of the research ...Low Carbon City: A Guidebook for City Planners and Practioners
The report aims to provide basic guidance to city level policy makers, urban planners, transport planners and consultants. There is a focus on the meaning of ‘low carbon,’ low carbon scenarios and alternate development pathways to achieve these scenarios; and the role of low carbon development in India. Mitigation and adaptation as part of a framework for climate compatible development are explored and there is an evaluation of global energy systems.
This is one of three reports released by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) as part of a project on 'Promoting Low Carbon Transport in In ...Research Priorities on Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation: Responding to the climate change challenge
The Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA) has led the development of a set of Research Priorities on vulnerability, impacts and adaptation in consultation with both experts and policymakers.
This report consists of 33 topics presented in three sections:
1. Support Policymaker Decisions;
2. Systems and Regions;
3. Emerging Topics;
Each topic includes an explanation of why the research is needed as well as examples of specific activities which can respond to that need such as fostering technological innovation ...Auditing the Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs): A Primer for Auditors
UNEP, 2013There are hundreds of Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs) dealing with various environmental issues and they are the main method available under international law for countriesto work together on global issues.The assessment of the implementation, compliance and effectiveness of multilateral environmental agreements is in many cases complicated and plagued with gaps in data, conceptual difficulties and methodological problems. Most Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) with their specific competencies are uniquely poised to assess these gaps and report to parliament and inform the national ...Low carbon agriculture
UNEP, 2013The change to a green and better fed world depends on the development of low carbon agriculture. Improving food and nutrition security while protecting the earth’s natural resource base will require a smarter, more innovative, better focused and cost-effective approach.Profile of emissions reduction potentials in developing countries
UNEP, 2013UNEP Risoe, with the support of the UNFCCC Secretariat and the ACP-MEA Programme (www.acp-cd4cdm.org), has decided to assess the emissions reduction potential in 15 diverse countries. 15 country reports have been developed, from which this synthesis report gathers the main messages. The definition of sectors and technologies used in these country reports takes its point of departure from UNEP Risoe’s CDM Methodology and Technology Selection Tool (www.cdm-meth.org). This tool has been specifically developed for the identification of technologies and related CDM methodologies for exploitation o ...Elements of a New Climate Agreement by 2015
A new global climate agreement by 2015 is crucial to keep global warming below the target of maximum 2 degree increase in this century. This will require enhanced ambitions by all Parties and need transformational change towards sustainable, low carbon development and green growth. Scenarios consistent with a likely chance to meet the 2 degree target have a peak of global emissions before 2020. Green growth and low-carbon development strategies show that economic growth and environmental sustainability are compatible objectives by making emission reductions an integral part of national ...UNEP The First 40 Years; A Narrative by Stanley Johnson
UNEP, 2013To mark its 40th anniversary, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has sponsored a new book detailing the history of the Nairobi-based organization over the last four decades.
Written by award-winning conservationist Stanley P Johnson (See People section), the book charts the evolution of UNEP from its inception at the landmark Stockholm conference of 1972 to its position today at the heart of the global environmental movement. Entitled: "The First 40 Years; A Narrative", the book - which is not an official UN history but the view of its world-acclaimed author - expla ...Global Mercury Assessment 2013 : Sources, emissions, releases, and environmental transport
UNEP, 2013This report presents sources of mercury emissions to air and water. It presents estimates of anthropogenic emissions to air from various sources based on data from 2010 and estimates for releases to aquatic environment. The report also presents the latest information on atmospheric and aquatic chemistry , fate and transport. It is an overall summary report for the policy makers based on a technical background report.Policy Implications of Warming Permafrost
Out of the world’s entire population, few know what permafrost is and fewer still have ever seen - let alone set foot upon - actual permafrost. Yet permafrost occurs in 24% of exposed land in the Northern Hemisphere. Permafrost is key to the planet’s future because it contains large stores of frozen organic matter that, if thawed and released into the atmosphere, would amplify current global warming and propel us to a warmer world. This report seeks to inform a broad audience about permafrost and communicate to decision-makers and the general public the implications of changing permafrost in a ...Climate early warning system feasibility report: early warning systems and hazard prediction
This research examines the feasibility of creating a global early warning system for climate change, the CLIM-WARN system, which purpose is to provide timely and actionable warnings to institutions, businesses, governments and the general public about the imminence of climate related extreme events. CLIM-WARN focuses on hydrometeorological hazards such as heat waves, droughts, floods and wildfires.Investing in a Climate for Change : UNEP's Energy Finance Programme - Scaling Up Clean Technology Investment
UNEP, 2012This brochure highlights some of our ongoing or recently completed energy finance programmes that show how clean technologies can be made affordable to end-users and attractive to investors. This process also builds long-term markets for suppliers and generates related economic and social benefits from job creation and improved energy access.The Emissions Gap Report
UNEP, 2012The 2012 report provides the following information: An update of global greenhouse gas emission estimates, based on a number of different authoritative scientific sources; An overview of national emission levels, both current (2010) and projected (2020) consistent with current pledges and other commitments;
An estimate of the level of global emissions consistent with the two degree target in 2020, 2030 and 2050; An update of the assessment of the "emissions gap" for 2020; A review of selected examples of the rapid progress being made in different parts of the world to implement policies ...Measuring Glacier Change in the Himalayas: In UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Environmental Alert Service (GEAS), September 2012
UNEP, 2012A serious lack of reliable and consistent data severely hampers scientific knowledge about the state of Himalayan glaciers. As a result, the contribution of glacial melt to the Himalayan river basins remains uncertain. This is of grave importance because declining water availability could threaten the food security of more than 70 million people. There is thus an urgent need to improve cross-boundary scientific collaboration and monitoring of glaciers to bridge the knowledge gap and allow policy options to be based on appropriate scientific evidence.Climate and clean air coalition to reduce short-lived climae pollutants (CCAC)
The Coalition's initial focus is on methane, black carbon, and HFCs. At the same time, Partners recognize that action on Short lived climate pollutants must complement and supplement, not replace, global action to reduce carbon dioxide, in particular efforts under the UNFCCC.
The Coalition's objectives are to address short lived climate pollutants by: Raising awareness of short lived climate pollutant impacts and mitigation strategies; Enhancing and developing new national and regional actions, including by identifying and overcoming barriers, enhancing capacity, and mobilizing ...Thailand - Technology needs assessments report for climate change: mitigation
STI, 2012This report provides an assessment of the technology needed for nationwide mitigation remedies. The results of the analysis are useful for policy makers to build a roadmap for internal mitigation technologies and to align with the global community. This report helps Thailand to identify technological needs and reinforce its capacity in the area of climate change.Managing post-disaster debris: the Japan experience
UNEP, 2012In March 2011, a massive earthquale off the north-east coast of Japan triggered a tsunami rhat created an unprecedented volume of debris. The debris management operation which is currently ongoing along the Tohoku coast is the largest of its kind in the world. In order to share international experiences in disaster debris management and to document the lessons from the Japanese experience, a UNEP international expert team visited the Tohoku area in early 2012.Accessing International Funding for Climate Change Adaptation - A Guidebook for Developing Countries
Avoiding Future Famines: Strengthening the Ecological Basis of Security through Sustainable Food Systems
UNEP, 2012This report – Avoiding Future Famines: Strengthening the Ecological Basis of Food Security through
Sustainable Food Systems - has been a unique collaboration of 12 leading scientists and
experts involved in world food systems including marine and inland fisheries.
The institutions involved include the UN Environment Programme, the International Fund
for Agricultural Development, the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations,
the World Bank, the World Food Programme and the World Resources Institute. The report provides
detai ...Status Report on The Application of Integrated Approaches to Water Resources Management
UNEP, 2012Over 80 per cent of countries have reformed their water laws in the past twenty years as a response to growing pressures on water resources from expanding populations, urbanization and climate change.
In many cases, such water reforms have had positive impacts on development, including improvements to drinking water access, human health and water efficiency in agriculture.
But global progress has been slower where irrigation, rainwater harvesting and investment in freshwater ecosystem services are concerned.
These are among the findings of a United ...Global Environment Outlook 5 (GEO-5)
UNEP, 2012As a significant contribution to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), the fifth Global Environment Outlook (GEO-5) builds on previous reports, continuing to provide analyses of the state, trends and outlook for, and responses to, environmental change, including extreme events from storm, flood and drought, to the Fukushima disaster in 2011.
It also adds new dimensions through its assessment of progress towards meeting internationally agreed goals, such as the development of programmes for mitigating the effects of extreme water-related events, ...GEO 5 - Global Environment Outlook 5: summary for policy makers
UNEP, 2012The 25th session of UNEP’s Governing Council in Decision 25/2: III requested the Executive Director, through the Programme of Work, to continue to conduct a comprehensive, integrated and scientifically credible global environmental assessment (GEO-5), avoiding duplication and building on on-going assessment work, to support decision-making processes at all levels, in the light of the continuing need for up-to-date, scientifically credible, policy-relevant information on environmental change worldwide, and including the analyses of cross-cutting issues and indicator-based components. It was fur ...Integrated Water Resources Management Planning Approach for Small Island Developing States : guidelines, methods and tools
UNEP, 201221 Issues for the 21st Century: results of the UNEP Foresight Process on Emerging Environmental Issues
UNEP, 2012This study depicts environmental displacement with the premise of increased frequency of natural disasters and the adverse impacts of climate change. Bangladesh is already experiencing recurrent floods, severe cyclones, water logging, salinity intrusions, droughts and river bank erosion which induce mass population displacement. There is no generally agreed definition and scientifically developed methodology to estimate environmental displacement. Proper development guidelines are yet to be adopted to protect the lives and livelihoods of the displaced people who have the right to expect safe l ...The Drying of Iran's Lake Urmia and its Environmental Consequences
UNEP, 2012Lake Urmia in the northwestern corner of Iran is one of the largest permanent hypersaline lakes in the world and the largest lake in the Middle East (1,2,3). It extends as much as 140 km from north to south and is as wide as 85 km east to west during high water periods (4). The lake was declared a Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention in 1971 and designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1976 (5,6). The lake itself is home to a unique brine shrimp species, Artemia urmiana, and along with the surrounding wetlands and upland habitat, it supports many species of reptiles, am ...Overcoming Barriers to the Transfer and Diffusion of Climate Technologies
UNEP, 2012The guidebook is structured in eight chapters. First, the guidebook introduces the main concepts to be used. Four generic categories are defined: consumer goods, capital goods, public goods and non-market goods. These categories are used throughout the book to ease the identification of generic barriers and measures. Thereafter, guidance is provided on how to identify and analyse barriers to the transfer and diffusion of climate technologies.Green economy in a blue world
UNEP, 2012This report highlights ways to reduce the environmental impact and improve the environmental, economic and social sustainability of traditional and emerging ocean-oriented economies. The chapters that follow show where fisheries, tourism and maritime transportation can take steps to reduce their impact on the marine environment.A Glass Half Empty: regions at Risk Due to Groundwater Depletion
UNEP, 2012The tiny fraction of freshwater not bound up in ice sheets and glaciers comprises only a very small fraction of total global water volume (about 0.79 %) (1). Global use of that freshwater, however, has been growing at roughly twice the rate of global population for the past century (2,3) (Figure 1). Even so, this volume of unfrozen freshwater is still more than adequate to meet all human needs. However, this essential resource, which is mostly stored as groundwater, is distributed quite unevenly around the globe. Furthermore, physical and economic constraints make it impractical in most cases ...Visions for change - recommandations for effective policies on sustainable lifestyles
UNEP, 2011This publication provides recommendations to develop efficient sustainable lifestyles policies and initiatives based on the Global Survey on Sustainable Lifestyles (GSSL). It is aimed at policy-makers and all relevant stakeholders on how best to help support the shift to sustainable lifestyles, for instance through effective communication and awareness-raising campaigns.
The survey, which involved 8,000 young urban adults from 20 different countries, points to three key dimensions of empowerment and creativity: new visions of progress, behavioural alternatives, as well as trust ...Towards a Green Economy: pathways to sustainable and poverty eradication (water chapter)
UNEP, 2011This chapter has three broad aims. First, it highlights the need for providing all households with sufficient and affordable access to clean water supplies as well as adequate sanitation. Second, it makes a case for early investment in water management and infrastructure, including ecological infrastructure. The potential to make greater use of biodiversity and ecosystem services in reducing water treatment costs and increasing productivity is emphasised. Third, the chapter provides guidance on the suite of governance arrangements and policy reforms, which, if implemented, can sustain and incr ...Towards a Green Economy: pathways to sustainable and poverty eradication (a synthesis for policy makers)
UNEP, 2011UNEP’s Green Economy Report, entitled Towards a Green Economy, aims to debunk several myths and misconceptions about the economics of “greening” the global economy, and provides timely and practical guidance to policy makers on what reforms they need to unlock the productive and employment potential of a green economy.Ready, Willing and Able : empowering Countries to Meet the Climate Challenge
UNEP, 2011Meeting the climate challenge requires individuals and institutions to be able to assess and understand climate change, design and implement adequate policies and, most important of all, to take action on low-carbon and climateresilient growth. Capacity building is a country-driven process, enabling individuals, organizations, and societies at all levels, to unleash, strengthen, build, adapt and maintain their capacities to undertake climate action.
Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - WMO, 2011 (WMO-No. 1073)Scientific evidence and new analyses demonstrate that control of black carbon particles and tropospheric ozone through rapid implementation of proven emission reduction measures would have immediate and multiple benefits for human well-being.Black carbon exists as particles in the atmosphere and is a major component of soot, it has significant human health and climate impacts.Freshwater under threat - Pacific islands : vulnerability assessment of freshwater resources to environmental change
UNEP, 2011Near-term Climate Protection and Clean Air Benefits: Actions for Controlling Short-Lived Climate Forcers - A UNEP Synthesis Report
UNEP, 2011This report addresses the mitigation of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) and its key role in air pollution reduction, climate protection and sustainable development. SLCFs are substances in the atmosphere that contribute to global warming and have relatively short lifetimes in the atmosphere. The focus is on three SLCFs – black carbon, tropospheric ozone and methane – because reducing them will provide significant benefits through improved air quality and a slowing of near-term climate change.Women at the frontline of climate change : gender risks and hopes
UNEP, 2011The reports focuses on women, gender issues and climate change. Women are often in the frontline in respect to the impacts of a changing climate. Globally the world is seeing increasingly frequent droughts and floods which are having economic but also profound social consequences. The women and people of Asia are currently at greatest risk with over 100 million people affected in this region annually.Livelihood Security: Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel
UNEP, 2011This joint study has two objectives: to analyze the historical climate trends in the region, identify hotspots and determine the potential implications for livelihoods which depend on natural resources; and to provide recommendations for improving conflict and migration sensitivity in adaptation planning, investments and policies across the region.Bridging the Emissions Gap to Meet 2-Degree Target Doable
UNEP, 2011Global climate policy has advanced on several fronts over the past few years and this report deals with two developments of particular importance – The readiness of countries to pledge to new emission reductions, and the agreement among countries to an important global climate target. In December, 2009, countries were encouraged to submit pledges for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2020 as part of the Copenhagen Accord. Subsequently, 42 industrialized countries and 44 developing countries submitted pledges. At the climate conference in Cancún one year later, parties formally rec ...Tipping the Balance Towards Climate Protection through the HCFC Phase-Out
UNEP, 2011The OzonAction Special Issue features articles from international experts on many important issues including those that will be discussed during the upcoming Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The topics addressed in the OASI 2011 aim at inspiring further actions to protect the ozone layer and climate system, as well as contributing to promoting ‘green energy initiatives’.HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting Climate and the Ozone Layer : a UNEP Synthesis Report
UNEP, 2011Report describing the linkages between hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) emissions, climate protection, and protection of the ozone layer.Keeping track of our changing environment : from Rio to Rio +20
UNEP, 2011This publication was conceived with the idea of showing how the planet has changed in two decades—just twenty years— since decision-makers met at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. To relay this information in a compelling and succinct manner, environmental and related trends are charted and presented using globally-aggregated (and mainly statistical) data sets collected by international agencies, research bodies and other official entities.Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Planning : a Guide for Practitioners
UNDP, 2011Climate change adaptation is an area of growing concern and engagement for many developing countries. The myriad and uncertain effects of a changing climate pose significant risks for development and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Numerous initiatives and financing mechanisms aimed at assisting countries with climate change adaptation have been rolled out and are being implemented. Efforts also concentrate on developing specific adaptation measures, with a focus on the ones that correspond to countries’ most urgent and immediate needs. Increasingly, countries are coming to re ...Building the climate change regime : survey and analysis of approaches
UNEP, 2011This working paper seeks to identify concrete pathways for building an international “climate change regime.” It surveys and analyzes the academic literature as well as proposals by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governments.GREEN economy: Why a Green Economy Matters for the Least Developed Countries
UNEP, 2011The report shows that new opportunities offered by a green economy will help LDCs meet their Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the internationally agreed poverty reduction and social development targets that have a 2015 deadline.Visions for Change - Recommendations for Effective Policies on Sustainable Lifestyles: Country Papers
UNEP, 2011Visions for Change is a publication aimed at providing recommendations to develop efficient sustainable lifestyles policies and initiatives based on the results of the Global Survey on Sustainable Lifestyles (GSSL) to policy-makers and all relevant stakeholders. Visions for Change contains cross-country conclusions and recommendations as well as 16 country papers in electronic format (CD-ROM), presenting the results of the GSSL country by country. These country papers, submitted by UNEP and reviewed by the GSSL expert group, provide insight into country-specific conditions, culture, economic ...Climate Change Starter’s Guidebook : an issues guide for education planners and practitionners
UNESCO, 2011Aimed towards education planners and practitioners, the Guidebook is intended to provide support in developing the understanding of the science of climate change, observed and anticipated impacts, and possible responses. The Guidebook also covers the impacts on society, including poverty, health, migration, gender and ethics. It includes a section on responding to climate change, focusing on mitigation and adaptation, as well as international responses. The Guidebook continues by discussing education for climate change, touching on education for adaptation, mitigation, sustainable development ...Risk Assessment on Illegal Trade in HCFCs
UNEP, 2011This report provides a summary of recent cases of illegal trade in HCFCs and the policy measures in place to combat smuggling of ozone depleting chemicals. By considering market conditions for HCFCs and drawing parallels with the context and methods used by smugglers which led to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) smuggling, the report provides an analysis of the risks of HCFC smuggling becoming entrenched and makes recommendations on how this illegal trade can be prevented.Forests in a Green Economy : a synthesis
UNEP, 2011This synthesis examines the critical role of forests in a green economy, and provides policy recommendations to radically transform the forest sector such that it can lead to sustainable development and poverty eradication.Green economy : why a Green Economy Matters for the Least Developed Countries
UNEP, 2011The world is preparing for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), where one of the themes will be “green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”. This publication examines the idea that Least Developed Countries (LDCs) possess the economic conditions, the natural and cultural assets, and the policy setting to embrace, if not lead, a green economy transition, which would in turn accelerate their development.IPY Posters : (International Polar Year)
UNEP, 2011UNEP/GRID-Arendal, with financial support from the Research Council of Norway (Forskningsrådet), prepared this set of posters for the International Polar Year. These posters present and illustrate a broad sample of polar issues and facts -- they are a textbook for your wall. Posters are available in English and in Norwegian (bokmål).
There are five posters, with high-school age students as the main target group. Each poster stands on its own but is recognizable as part of the series through the common design and elements. All the posters include illustrations and text highlighti ...Decoupling: natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth
UNEP, 2011By 2050, humanity could devour an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year three times its current appetite unless the economic growth rate is decoupled from the rate of natural resource consumption.
Developed countries citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita (ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries). By comparison, the average person in India today consumes four tons per year.
With the growth of both population and prosperity, especially in developing countr ...The bioenergy and water nexus
UNEP, 2011Bioenergy and water are inextricably linked. For the first time, this report examines in depth these interlinkages, highlights the risks and opportunities, and offers an outlook on ways to address them. It provides policymakers with scientific information to support informed strategies and policies. The report also points to the need for further research, filling data gaps, and the development of regionalized tools. Water quantity and quality are factors that determine the extent to which bioenergy can contribute to the overall energy mix. For example, in a world already facing water stress, l ...Ecosystems for water and food security
UNEP, 2011Against the current challenges to enhance food security worldwide, the publication aims at illustrating the importance of healthy ecosystems for the provisioning of key services that contribute to food security. Such ecosystem services are water provisioning and food production. In this regard the publication will provide an overview of the linkages between ecosystems, water, and food security. The publication further will explore how to manage ecosystems for a variety of ecosystem services such as provisioning of water and food, and how to manage ecosystems in a sustainable way so they can su ...Environment and security in the AMU Darya Basin
UNEP, 2011The report highlights water, agriculture, energy and climate change issues in Central Asia’s Amu Darya River Basin.Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone: summary for Decision Makers
This document summarizes findings and conclusions of the assessment report: Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. The assessment looks into all aspects of anthropogenic emissions of black carbon and tropospheric ozone precursors, such as methane. It analyses the trends in emissions of these substances and the drivers of these emissions; summarizes the science of atmospheric processes where these substances are involved; discusses related impacts on the climatic system, human health, crops in vulnerable regions and ecosystems; and societal responses to the environmental ...
GORMP, 52. Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer: 2010 update : scientific assessment of ozone depletion, 2010
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2011To help maintain a broad understanding of the relationship between ozone depletion, ODSs, and the Montreal Protocol, this component of the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 presents 20 questions and answers about the often-complex science of ozone depletion. Most questions and answers are updates of those presented in previous Ozone Assessments, while others have been added or expanded to address newly emerging issues. The questions address the nature of atmospheric ozone, the chemicals that cause ozone depletion, how global and polar ozone depletion occur, the success of the Mont ...
GORMP, 52. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 - Executive summary
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2011It has been recognized since the 1970s that a number of compounds emitted by human activities deplete stratospheric ozone. The montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer was adopted in 1987 to protect global ozone and, consequently, protect life from increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth’s surface. Chlorine- and brominecontaining substances that are controlled by the montreal Protocol are known as ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
ODSs are responsible for the depletion of stratospheric ozone observed in polar regions (for example, the “ozone hole” above An ...
GORMP, 52. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2011It has been recognized since the 1970s that a number of compounds emitted by human activities deplete stratospheric ozone. The montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer was adopted in 1987 to protect global ozone and, consequently, protect life from increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth’s surface. Chlorine- and brominecontaining substances that are controlled by the montreal Protocol are known as ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
ODSs are responsible for the depletion of stratospheric ozone observed in polar regions (for example, the “ozone hole” above An ...Taking Steps toward Marine and Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management : an Introductory Guide
UNEP, 2011This guide is intended to complement UNEP's work, such as the Green Economy providing guidance on making changes in the way we interact with ecosystems, as well as the Blue Carbon Initiative, which explores the potential for mitigating climate change by investing and re-investing in healthy coastal ecosystems that capture and store carbon. Moreover, good EBM offers a valuable solution for harnessing marine and coastal ecosystems in adapting to climate change and other potential disasters.Towards a Green Economy : pathways to sustainable and poverty eradication
UNEP, 2011UNEP’s Green Economy Report, entitled Towards a Green Economy, aims to debunk several myths and misconceptions about the economics of “greening” the global economy, and provides timely and practical guidance to policy makers on what reforms they need to unlock the productive and employment potential of a green economy.Clearing the Waters : a focus on Water Quality Solutions
UNEP, 2010The publication addresses the urgency of controlling pollution and preserving water quality around the world. The past few decades have focused on the importance of water quantity in meeting basic human and ecosystem needs for water. Water quality is as important as water quantity for satisfying human and environmental needs, and yet has received far less investment, scientific support, and public attention. An overview of water-quality challenges details the contaminants and human activities that affect water quality. Water quality impacts human health, water quantity, livelihood, and economi ...Global Outlook for Ice and Snow
UNEP, 2010This book is about ice and snow in polar and mountain regions of the world. It covers all parts of the cryosphere (the world of ice): snow, land ice, sea ice, river and lake ice, and frozen ground. It presents information on the trends in ice and snow, the outlook for this century and beyond, and the consequences to ecosystems and human well-being of changes in ice and snow.
But this book is also about sea-level rise and the islands in the South Pacific, and about shrinking glaciers and the great rivers of Asia. It is about the way the Earth’s climate is changing and causing ice ...The Emissions Gap Report : are the Copenhagen Accord Pledges Sufficient to Limit Global Warming to 2° C or 1.5° C? A preliminary assessment
UNEP, 2010Climate change represents one of the greatest challenges but also an inordinate opportunity to catalyze a transition to a low-carbon, resource efficient Green Economy.
This report informs governments and the wider community on how far a response to climate change has progressed over the past 12 months, and thus how far the world is on track to meet wider goals,.
The pledges associated with the Copenhagen Accord of 2009 are the point of departure for this report. What might be achieved in terms of limiting a global temperature rise to 2ºC or less in the 21st centur ...Kick The Habit : a UN guide to climate neutrality
UNEP, 2010"Addiction is a terrible thing. It consumes and controls us, makes us deny important truths and blinds us to the consequences of our actions. Our society is in the grip of a dangerous greenhouse gas habit.
The message of this book is that we are all part of the solution. Whether you are an individual, a business, an organization or a government, there are many steps you can take to reduce your climate footprint."
Ban Ki-moon
Secretary-General of the United NationsTechnologies for Climate Change Adaptation: The Water Sector
De Lopez T.; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Global Environment Facility (GEF) - UNEP, 2010Adaptation is an essential element of human response to climate change. The adverse impacts of climate change on the water sector will be experienced worldwide and are often projected to be most severe in resource-poor countries. Therefore, it is necessary to have access to a diverse array of affordable and appropriate adaptation technologies. This guidebook aims to provide expert information on the technologies most relevant for climate change adaptation in the water sector in developing countries. It is meant to be a practical tool for use by a broad range of stakeholders, including those in ...Youth Xchange Climate Change and Lifestyles Guidebook
UNEP, 2010The YouthXchange guidebook on climate change and lifestyles is the first in a series of thematic guidebooks supporting the YouthXchange Initiative. The thematic guidebooks take into account challenges, opportunities, good practices and case studies on global challenges. This new guidebook explores the links between climate change and lifestyles and helps young people consider the actions they might take towards more sustainable lifestyles. Aimed at young people (15-24 year olds) and people working with young people such as educators, teachers, trainers and youth leaders in both developed and d ...Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation : Coastal Erosion and Flooding
UNEP, 2010Sea level rise, more intense storm surges, and other climate change impacts will pose serious threats to large number of people living along the worlds coasts. This guidebook covers thirteen main adaptation technologies for coastal erosion and flooding due to climate change. For each technology, the authors present a technology description, its advantages and disadvantages, costs and benefits, institutional organisation requirements and detailed examples about its application. This guidebook is co-authored by Matthew M. Linham and Robert J. Nicholls from the University of Southampton. Professo ...Summary report: barriers to the use of low-GWP refrigerants in developing countries & opportunities to overcome these
UNEP, 2010This report identifies and examines the range of barriers which currently exist to the adoption of low to zero global warming potential alternatives to HCFCs in developing countries, considers various ways of overcoming these barriers.Barriers to the use of low GWP Refrigerants in Developing Countries & Opportunities to Overcome these
UNEP, 2010This report identifies and examines the range of barriers which currently exist to the adoption of low to zero global warming potential alternatives to HCFCs in developing countries, considers various ways of overcoming these barriers.Global Honey Bee Colony Disorders and Other Threats to Insect Pollinators
UNEP, 2010The mysterious decline of honeybee populations observed in the U.S. and Europe is now a global phenomenon, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Scientists say significant die-offs are now occurring in managed bee colonies in China and Japan, and there are indications of similar population collapses in Egypt. While honeybee numbers have been declining for decades, the rate has accelerated in recent years, with so-called “colony collapse disorder” destroying 35 percent of the U.S. honeybee population between 2006 and 2009. Several causes have been cited ...Environmental consequences of ocean acidification : a threat to food security
UNEP, 2010Launched by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the report confirms concerns that some organisms, such as corals and shellfish may find it increasingly difficult to form their skeletons in the decades to come making it harder to survive let alone thrive. It also shows that ocean acidification can react together with ocean warming so that animals such as crabs have a reduced range of temperatures they can thrive in.Sick water? The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development
UNEP, 2010With global action and positive momentum towards improving access to safe water and sanitation, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), and the UN Secretary General's Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation (UNSGAB), in partnership with the members of UN Water have collaborated to bring together their collective experience and expertise to bear on the challenges posed by illegal and unregulated wastewater. �Sick water? The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development not only identifies the threats to human and ecolog ...Waste and Climate Change : global Trends and Strategy Framework
UNEP, 2010The Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has directed its International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC) branch to take action in the area of waste management. There are substantial co-benefits of waste management in the context of climate change. As a first step to realize these co-benefits, this report seeks (a) to examine the potential of climate impacts and benefits of different waste management activities, and (b) to present a UNEP-lead framework strategy to assist member countries in prioritising their resources and efforts for waste management and c ...Investment in Walking and Cycling Road Infrastructure Share the Road
UNEP, 2010This report outlines the core argument of Share the Road, a campaign that works to help re-balance the current state of road investments across all modes. Share the Road aims to increase investments in walking and cycling infrastructure by working with all stakeholders - governments and donors in particular - to develop and implement strong investment policies specifically for non-motorised transport (NMT). The core impetus is that investments in NMT infrastructure spur a triple win in improved environment, safety and accessibility, which as a whole, contribute to sustainable development and p ...Høye fjell isbreer og klimaendringer : Utfordringer til menneskelig livsgrunnlag og tilpasning
UNEP, 2010Klimaendringer forårsaker signifcant massetap av isbreer i høye fjell over hele verden. Selv om breen systemer viser en stor mengde iboende kompleksitet og variasjon, det er klare generelle trender som viser global isbreen resesjon, noe som sannsynligvis vil akselerere i de kommende tiårene. Store hull forblir i vår forståelse og evne til å modellere nøyaktig de viktige prosessene og årsak-virkningsforhold kjøring breen respons på klimaendringer. I tillegg er mye data på breen masse endringer er ikke tilgjengelig for publikum på grunn av nasjonale interesser vedrørende vannforsyning.High mountain glaciers and climate change : Challenges to human livelihoods and adaptation
UNEP, 2010Climate change is causing signifcant mass loss of glaciers in high mountains worldwide. Although glacier systems show a great amount of inherent complexity and variation, there are clear overall trends indicating global glacier recession, which is likely to accelerate in coming decades. Large gaps remain in our understanding and ability to model accurately the key processes and cause-effect relationships driving glacier response to climate change. In addition, a lot of data on glacier mass changes are not available to the public due to national interests concerning water supply.One planet, Many people. Africa Water Atlas
UNEP, 2010This Atlas is a visual account of Africa's endowment and use of water resources, revealed through 224 maps and 104 satellite images as well as some 500 graphics and hundreds of compelling photos. However the Atlas is more than a collection of static maps and images accompanied by informative facts and figures: its visual elements vividly illustrate a succinct narrative describing and analyzing Africa's water issues and exemplifying them through the judicious use of case studies. It gathers information about water in Africa and its role in the economy and development, health, food security, tra ...One planet, Many people. Latin America and the Caribbean Atlas of our Changing Environment
UNEP, 2010Latin America and the Caribbean is the richest region of the planet in terms of its biological diversity that ranges from marmosets, jaguars and parrots to orchids, palms and
cacao trees.
This diversity is sustained by the abundance of its ecosystems such as tropical forests and wealth
in natural resources and reflected too in the mosaic of cultures and people that live there. The
environment of Latin America and the Caribbean also reflects the interaction between human
activities and natural processes, both past and present.
These sometimes drama ...走向低碳 : 联合国气候中和向导
UNEP, 2010An assessment of assessments - Findings of the group of experts, pursuant to UNGA Resolution 60/30: Start-up phase of a regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment including socio-economic aspects
Contains: vol. 1: Assessment of assessments report; vol. 2: Regional and Supra-regional summaries and technical annexes; vol. 3: Summary for decisions makers.Climate Change Science Compendium 2009
UNEP, 2009The Climate Change Science Compendium is a review of some 400 major scientific contributions to our understanding of Earth Systems and climate that have been released through peer-reviewed literature or from research institutions over the last three years, since the close of research for consideration by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.Global Trends in Sustainable Energy investment 2009
UNEP, 2009The 2009 Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment report, considered by many to be the most authoritative appraisal of clean energy investment trends, is being released during one of the worst financial and economic crises for a generation with sharply rising unemployment in many parts of the globe. It also comes less than six months before the crucial UN climate convention meeting taking place in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is the view of the UN Environment Programme and increasingly others that a Green Economy approach to these and other emerging challenges, such as energy security, resour ...The Environmental Food Crisis
UNEP, 2009The surge in food prices in the last years, following a century of decline, has been the most marked of the past century in its magnitude, duration and the number of commodity groups whose prices have increased. The ensuing crisis has resulted in a 50-200% increase in selected commodity prices, driven 110 million people into poverty and added 44 million more to the undernourished. Elevated food prices have had dramatic impacts on the lives and livelihoods, including increased infant and child mortality, of those already undernourished or living in poverty and spending 70-80% of their daily inc ...From Conflict to Peacebuilding : the Role of Natural Resources and the Environment
UNEP, 2009State failure and civil war in developing countries represent some of the greatest risks to global peace and security. Since the end of the Cold War, at least eighteen violent conflicts have been driven by the exploitation of natural resources. While political and military issues remain critical, conceptions of security and conflict have broadened, with environmental degradation now seen as a significant contributing factor to conflict. In this changing security landscape, a radical shift in the way the UN engages in conflict prevention, post-conflict reconstruction, and peacebuilding is requi ...The Natural Fix? = the Role of Ecosystems in Climate Mitigation
UNEP, 2009Large cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases are needed if we are to avoid the worst effects of global climate change. This Rapid Assessment Report describes the vital contributions which ecosystems can and must make to improve these efforts. It presents carbon capture and storage through a Green Economy lens, outlining the potential in terms of natural systems, from forests to grasslands which have been doing the job in a tried and tested way for millennia. Currently the world's ecosystems instead of maintaining and enhancing nature's carbon capture and storage capacity, are being depleted at ...The materiality of climate change: How finance copes with the ticking clock - The perspective of capital markets
UNEP, 2009With an emphasis on corporate sector assets, this report brings together key findings from the investment world, describing best practices on climate change, identifying risks and opportunities, and assessing how companies deal with them.Vital Ozone Graphics 2.0 - Climate links : resource kit for journalists
UNEP, 2009"Vital Ozone Graphics – resource kit for journalists" is a joint publication of UNEP DTIE OzonAction and GRID-Arendal. It features 30+ new graphics explaining physical, technical, economic and political aspects of the disconcerting process of ozone destruction in the atmosphere and the human action that has been taken to stop the process. It also sheds light on the challenges still remaining and the links between ozone depletion and climate change, both in physico-chemical and political terms. This on-line version features additional materials such as story ideas, contacts, a comprehensive glo ...Marine Litter: A Global Challenge
UNEP, 2009Marine litter is an ecological, economic, health and aesthetic problem. It is a complex and multi-dimensional challenge with significant implications for the marine and coastal environment, and human activities all over the world. The persistence of marine litter is the result of a lack of coordinated global and regional strategies, and deficiencies in the implementation and enforcement of existing programmes, regulations and standards at all levels – international, regional and national. The UNEP Global Initiative on Marine Litter provides a platform for the management of marine litter throug ...FreshWater under threat: South Asia
UNEP, 2009The South Asian countries (Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Iran; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka) are home to about one-fourth of the world's population, but only contain about 4.5 per cent (1,945 billion m3) of the world's annual renewable water resources (43,659 billion m3). Except for Bhutan and Nepal, the per capita water availability in the region is less than the world average, with water use in this region being limited mainly to the agriculture sector. Almost 95 per cent of the withdrawn water is consumed by the agriculture sector, a much larger proportion than the average ...Handbook for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)
UNEP, 2009The publication of this eighth edition of the Handbook for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) incorporates the full text of the treaty and an updated list of all decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention up to 2008.Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer - eighth edition
UNEP, 2009Since 1991 the publication of the Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) has proved to be an invaluable reference source for the decisions the Parties have made in the process of developing the ozone regime. The Handbook itself is published in response to the Parties’ decision (made in 1990) requesting the Secretariat to publish and update regularly a Handbook, setting out the Protocol, as adjusted and amended, together with the decisions of the Parties and other relevant material. Since then, the Protocol has been adjusted on six occasions and ame ...Climate Change Science Compendium 2009
The Climate Change Science Compendium is a review of some 400 major scientific contributions to our understanding of Earth Systems and climate that have been released through peer-reviewed literature or from research institutions over the last three years, since the close of research for consideration by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.Sustainable Coastal Tourism : an integrated planning and management approach
UNEP, 2009This handbook was conceived as a practical tool to be used by decision- makers and practitioners in both tourism sector and ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management). It provides a kind of "two-way" scheme allowing for the integration of tourism strategic planning into the wider process of ICZM on one hand and, on the other, for the application of the ICZM approach in tourism development. The handbook has two main parts. Its main body tackles all important issues related to coastal tourism and its positive and negative impacts on natural environment and society, as well as various planning and ...Vital Forest Graphics
Vital Forest Graphics serves as an advocacy tool to promote conservation and sustainable management of the world’s forests through a better understanding of the values they provide in support of global ecological stability, economic development and human well-being.Blue Carbon : The Role of Healthy Oceans in Binding Carbon
This report explores the potential for mitigating the impacts of climate change by improved management and protection of marine ecosystems and especially the vegetated coastal habitat, or blue carbon sinks. The objective of this report is to highlight the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems in maintaining our climate and in assisting policy makers to mainstream an oceans agenda into national and international climate change initiatives. While emissions’ reductions are currently at the centre of the climate change discussions, the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems ha ...Marine litter : a global challenge
UNEP, 2009Marine litter is an ecological, economic, health and aesthetic problem. It is a complex and multi-dimensional challenge with significant implications for the marine and coastal environment, and human activities all over the world. The persistence of marine litter is the result of a lack of coordinated global and regional strategies, and deficiencies in the implementation and enforcement of existing programmes, regulations and standards at all levels – international, regional and national. The UNEP Global Initiative on Marine Litter provides a platform for the management of marine litter throug ...One planet, Many people. Uganda
UNEP, 2009The Uganda Atlas of Our Changing Environment, prepared by the National Environmental Management Authority of Uganda, provides extensive scientific evidence of Uganda's changing environment. Modelled after Africa: Atlas of our Changing Environment previously published by UNEP, the Uganda Atlas seeks to safeguard the country's environment and inspire decision makers to action.Atmospheric Brown Clouds - Regional Assessment Report with Focus on Asia : summary
UNEP, 2008The report, compiled by a team of researchers from Asia, Europe and the United States, discussed the effects of atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) in the Asian region.Environment Outlook in the Amazonia : GEO Amazonia
UNEP, 2008Over a decade, UNEP has carried our a series of integrated environmental assessments, called GEO, aimed at providing comprehensive, scientifically credible, and policy-relevant assessments on the interaction between environment and society. The methodology used to produce GEO assessments ensures the integrated analysis of the state of the environment and policies, along with the provision of an outlook for the future and concrete policy proposals. The methodology prides itself on a participatory, multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary process through which the assessments are conducted. The rep ...UNEP Climate Change Strategy
UNEP’s Climate Change Strategy is the result of a comprehensive process involving external experts and UNEP staff from across the organization. The strategy is built on the analysis of UNEP’s political mandate, the existing portfolio of climate change activities and the areas of distinctiveness. The Climate Change Strategy provides the foundation for transforming the organization’s engagement on climate change and for developing a results-oriented programme of work. UNEP will complement other processes and the activities of other institutions and will emphasize the substantial co-benefits of c ...One planet, Many people. Africa
UNEP, 2008Increasing concern as to how human activities impact Africa’s environment has led to documentation and quantification of the changes taking place. Through a combination of ground photographs, current and historical satellite images, and narrative based on extensive scientific evidence, this publication illustrates how humans have altered their surroundings and continue to make observable and measurable changes to Africa and its environment. A large-format, hard cover atlas of environmental change in each of Africa’s 53 countries, with reports on their progress toward the United Nation’s Millen ...Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2006 Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee : 2006 Assessment
UNEP, 2007The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since the 2002 Assessment of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, a large number of technical developments have taken place. The Panel's six Technical Options Committees have each issued a 2006 assessment report that document these developments. This publication sets out the report on refrigeration and air conditioning.Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2006 Report of the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee (MBTOC) : 2006 Assessment
UNEP, 2007The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since the 2002 Assessment of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, a large number of technical developments have taken place. The Panel's six Technical Options Committees have each issued a 2006 Assessment Report that document these developments. The present publication contains the report on methyl bromide.
GORMP, 50. Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer: 2006 update : scientific assessment of ozone depletion, 2006
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2007To help maintain a broad understanding of the relationship between ozone depletion, ODSs, and the Montreal Protocol, this component of the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006 presents 20 questions and answers about the often-complex science of ozone depletion. Most questions and answers are updates of those presented in previous Ozone Assessments, while others have been added or expanded to address newly emerging issues. The questions address the nature of atmospheric ozone, the chemicals that cause ozone depletion, how global and polar ozone depletion occur, the success of the Mont ...
GORMP, 50. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006 : report of the Montreal Protocol Scientific Assessment Panel
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2007It has been recognized since the 1970s that a number of compounds emitted by human activities deplete stratospheric ozone. The montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer was adopted in 1987 to protect global ozone and, consequently, protect life from increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth’s surface. Chlorine- and brominecontaining substances that are controlled by the montreal Protocol are known as ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
ODSs are responsible for the depletion of stratospheric ozone observed in polar regions (for example, the “ozone hole” above An ...20th Anniversary Photo Book : Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - ‘‘Celebrating 20 years of progress in 2007’’
UNEP, 2007The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was agreed on 16 September 1987. Since that time, there has been an enormous and highly successful global effort to eliminate ozone-depleting substances. By the end of 2005, production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol had been reduced by over 95 per cent from historic levels and the scientific community can now detect a decrease in both atmospheric and stratospheric measurements of these chemicals.
Addressing ozone depletion is expected to prevent millions of cancer cases an ...Recognition of some of the Exemplary Projects that have been undertaken pursuant to Article 10 of the Montreal Protocol : Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - “Celebrating 20 years of progress in 2007”
UNEP, 2007When the Montreal Protocol was originally negotiated in 1987, the negotiators understood clearly that their initial effort was a work in progress. Nowhere was this more clear than with regard to Article 10 of the Protocol. Among other things, that nascent provision called on the Parties to the Protocol to begin deliberations at their first meeting on the development of workplans to assist developing countries in complying with their obligations under the Protocol. The promise of this provision was not fully realized until 1990, when Article 10 of the Protocol was amended to provide for the est ...Ozone Awards Book : Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer - ‘‘Celebrating 20 years of progress in 2007’’
UNEP, 2007The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was agreed on 16 September 1987. Since that time, there has been an enormous and highly successful global effort to eliminate ozone-depleting substances. By the end of 2005, production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol had been reduced by over 95 per cent from historic levels and the scientific community can now detect a decrease in both atmospheric and stratospheric measurements of these chemicals.
Addressing ozone depletion is expected to prevent millions of cancer cases an ...Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer - seventh edition
UNEP, 2006Since 1991 the publication of the Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) has proved to be an invaluable reference source for the decisions the Parties have made in the process of developing the ozone regime. The Handbook itself is published in response to the Parties’ decision (made in 1990) requesting the Secretariat to publish and update regularly a Handbook, setting out the Protocol, as adjusted and amended, together with the decisions of the Parties and other relevant material. Since then, the Protocol has been adjusted on six occasions and ame ...
Capacity building for ozone monitoring in developing countries
WMO, 2006Capacity building for ozone monitoring and research in developing countries and in countries with economies in transition comes from the general commitments anchored in the Vienna Convention. The Parties under the Vienna Convention established the Trust Fund for Research and Systematic Observations for funding activities consistent with the objectives of the Vienna Convention and the recommendations of the Ozone Research Managers’ Meetings. Those aims are also consistent with the Strategy for the Implementation of the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organiza ...One planet, Many people. Africa Lakes
UNEP, 2006The dramatic and, in some cases damaging environmental changes sweeping Africa’s lakes are brought into sharp focus in a new atlas. Produced by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Atlas of African Lakes compares and contrasts spectacular satellite images of the past few decades with contemporary ones.Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change
UNEP, 2005Africa's high dependence on natural resources makes its people vulnerable to environmental change. Acknowledging this, UNEP and START initiated a study in Feb. 2003 - (Vulnerability of Water Resources to Environmental Change in Afica). In the publication 4 regional groups of researchers address the vulnerability issue in Southern, Eastern, Western and Northern Africa by means of selected river/lake/groundwater,basins according to natural (physuigraphic) anthropogenic (socio-economic) and management criteria. The basin was selected as a key unit for assessment because it balances resource prote ...One planet, Many people. One Planet Many People
UNEP, 2005One Planet, Many People is intended for environmental policy makers, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, academics, teachers and citizens. This colorful and approachable atlas contains photographs, satellite images, maps and narratives that provide insights into the many ways people around the world have changed, and continue to change, the environment.
Aviation and the Global Atmospheric Environment
Based essentially on the Special Report, this booklet summarises the authoritative assessments of the effects of aviation emissions on the global atmospheric environment. The aviation industry is an integral and vital part of modern society, and its expected growth makes it imperative to highlight the current and possible future impacts of aircraft on the atmosphere.Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2002 Report of the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee (MBTOC) : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003The Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee (MBTOC) was established by parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer to identify existing and potential alternatives to methyl bromide (MB). This 2002 Assessment reports on MB usage, the quantities produced and consumed, and existing and potential alternate treatments for its use as a fumigant.Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2002 Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003In the last decade, the refrigeration, airconditioning and heat pump industries, have made tremendous technical progress in complying with the Montreal Protocol by phasing out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC) 2002, provides a current status of the efforts by the refrigeration industry to reduce its production of ozone depleting substances. It reveals the goals that still need to be achieved and proposes actions for the way forward.Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2002 Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003The Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel 2002 (TEAP) contains executive summaries from six Panel Technical Options Committees. The committee summaries included cover aerosols, sterilants and miscellaneous uses, rigid and flexible foams, halons, methyl bromide, refrigeration and air conditioning, and solvents, coatings and adhesives. For each summary report the following information is provided: current status, what has been achieved, what is left to be achieved, and the way forward.Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2002 Report of the Solvents, Coatings and Adhesives Technical Committee (STOC) : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003Report of the Solvents and Adhesives Technical Options Committee (STOC) 2002 provides the progress report and status of efforts by this committee to phase out the use of solvents, coatings and adhesives that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. Where applicable information on new alternatives to these substances is also provided. The report focuses on the following activities and substances: electronics cleaning, precision cleaning, metal cleaning, dry cleaning, adhesives, aerosols, and miscellaneous others. Additional useful information such as a full list of STOC members and their ...Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2002 Report of the flexible and rigid Foams Technical Options Committee (FTOC) : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003Report of the Flexible and Rigid Foams Technical Options Committee (FTOC) provides information on the technical options available to eliminate chloroflurocarbons and use of other ozone depleting substances. It documents the progress that has been made in phasing out the use of these substances indicating the transition status by product group and region. Some issues affecting the transition phase are also disclosed.Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Environmental Effects of Ozone depletion and its interactions with Climate Change : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003In the following chapters, new information on the effects of increased UV radiation will be discussed in more detail, with special attention given to the role of interactions between ozone depletion and climate change.Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer
UNEP, 2003In Decision XI/28, the 11th Meeting of the Parties requested the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel to study and report by 30 April 2003 at the latest on the problems and options of Article 5(1) Parties in obtaining HCFCs in the light of the freeze on the production of HCFCs in non-Article 5(1) Parties in the year 2004. This report should analyse whether HCFCs are available to Article 5(1) Parties in sufficient quantity and quality and at affordable prices, taking into account the 15 per cent allowance to meet the basic domestic needs of the Article 5(1) Parties and the surplus quantitie ...GORMP, 47. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002 - Executive summary
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2003It has been recognized since the 1970s that a number of compounds emitted by human activities deplete stratospheric ozone. The montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer was adopted in 1987 to protect global ozone and, consequently, protect life from increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth’s surface. Chlorine- and brominecontaining substances that are controlled by the montreal Protocol are known as ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
ODSs are responsible for the depletion of stratospheric ozone observed in polar regions (for example, the “ozone hole” above An ...
GORMP, 47. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2003It has been recognized since the 1970s that a number of compounds emitted by human activities deplete stratospheric ozone. The montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer was adopted in 1987 to protect global ozone and, consequently, protect life from increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth’s surface. Chlorine- and brominecontaining substances that are controlled by the montreal Protocol are known as ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
ODSs are responsible for the depletion of stratospheric ozone observed in polar regions (for example, the “ozone hole” above An ...Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2002 Report of the Halons Technical Options Committee (HTOC) : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003This Report reveals efforts of the Halons Technical Options Committee (HTOC) to identify, develop and test alternatives that can used in place of the halons. Under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete The Ozone Layer, the use of halons is being phased out in industries such as: merchant shipping, oil and gas production, and in civil aviation, as well as in the military, for explosion suppression, and in countries with economies in transition. The report reveals the progress that has been made towards the objective of reducing the need for halons, and discusses some of the problems ...Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 2002 Report of the Aerosols, Sterilants, Miscellaneous Uses and Carbon Tetrachloride Technical Options Committee (ATOC) : 2002 Assessment
UNEP, 2003In response to the scientific consensus that chlorofluorocarbons and halons deplete the ozone layer, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) enacted the Montreal Protocol as the principal legal document to authorize the fight to reduce the production of substances that deplete the ozone layer. This document presents an assessment report compiled by the Sterilants, Miscellaneous Uses and Carbon Tetrachloride Technical Options Committee, and reveals the progress made in efforts to phase out the consumption of chlorofluorocarbons commonly used in aerosol sprays. It also puts forward recom ...Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, Volume 2. Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Assessment of the Funding Requirement for the Replenishment of the Multilateral Fund for the Period 2003-2005 : April 2002
UNEP, 2002Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, Volume 3. Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Report of the Task Force on Collection, Recovery and Storage and Report of the Task Force on Destruction Technologies : April 2002
UNEP, 2002Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, Volume 1. Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel : April 2002. Progress Report
UNEP, 2002Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol : 1986-2000
UNEP, 2002Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Supplement to the April 2002 TEAP Replenishment Report : "Assessment of the Funding Requirement for the Replenishment of the Multilateral Fund for the Period 2003-2005"
UNEP, 2002GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 71. Protecting the Oceans from Land-based Activities
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - UNEP, 2001Environmental processes are complex in nature. Interactions occur both within the biosphere and the abiotic environment and between them. Consequently, environmental problems are inextricably linked to, or influenced by, one another and do not recognise political boundaries. This is particularly the case for the problems of the marine environment. They cannot be remedied without taking into account the ecological interdependence of the oceans, the coastal areas and the freshwater systems associated with them...GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 70. A Sea of Troubles
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - UNEP, 2001If it were not for the sea, the Earth would just be one more small, dead planet, another desert island adrift in the limitless black ocean of space. Life began in its waters, and no animal could clamber out of them onto dry land before algae in the primaeval oceans released oxygen to provide a welcoming atmosphere. And without the water from the sea that falls as rain, the continents would become barren again...Assessing the Impacts of Short-Lived Compounds on Stratospheric Ozone : Report to the United Nations Environment Programme from the Cochairs of the Montreal Protocol. Scientific Assessment Panel
UNEP, 2000Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel : April 2000
UNEP, 2000Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer : The Vienna Convention (1985). The Montreal Protocol (1987). Fifth edition (2000)
UNEP, 2000
World Climate Applications and Services Programme (WCASP), 50. Biometeorology and urban climatology at the turn of the millennium : selected papers from the Conference ICS-ICUC'99
Dear Richard J.de; World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - WMO, 2000 (WMO/TD-No. 1026)Action on ozone
UNEP, 2000It is one of UNEP’s proudest achievements to have led the international effort to protect the Earth’s ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, which was negotiated under our aegis, has, rightly, been regarded as a model for other international environmental agreements.Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 1998 Report of the Aerosols, Sterilants, Miscellaneous Uses and Carbon Tetrachloride Technical Options Committee (ATOC) : 1998 Assessment
UNEP, 1999Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Supplement to the April 1999 TEAP Replenishment Report : "Assessment of the Funding Requirement for the Replenishment of the Multilateral Fund for the Period 2000-2002"
UNEP, 1999Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. "The Implications to the Montreal Protocol of the Inclusion of HFCS and PFCS in the Kyoto Protocol"
UNEP, 1999Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 1998 Report of the Halons Technical Options Committee (HTOC) : 1998 Assessment
UNEP, 1999Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. 1998 Report of the Solvents, Coatings and Adhesives Technical Committee (STOC) : 1998 Assessment
UNEP, 1999Report of the Secretariat on information provided by the parties in accordance with Article 7 and 9 of the Montreal Protocol
UNEP, 1999GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 63. Report of the Twenty-seventh session of GESAMP
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - UNEP, 1997The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine pollution (GESAMP) held its twenty-seventh session at UNEP Headquarters, Nairobi from 14-18 April 1997.GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 58. Opportunistic Settlers and the Problem of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi Invasion in the Black Sea
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - International Maritime Organization (IMO), 1997Eutrophication and a massive population explosion of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Black Sea has led to tremendous changes in the Black Sea ecosystem and substantial economic losses...GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 55. Biological Indicators and their Use in the Measurement of the Condition of the Marine Environment
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - UNEP, 1995The goal of this document is to give a framework of how appropriate techniques can be used to detect and assess the physical, chemical and biological impacts on marine ecosystems...Understanding climate change : a beginner's guide to the UN Framework Convention
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Information Unit on Climate Change (IUCC); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - WMO, 1995Introduction: A giant asteroid could hit the earth! Something else could happen! The global temperature could rise! Wake up! The 1990s have been a time of international soul- searching about the environment. What are we doing to our planet? More and more, we are realising that the Industrial Revolution has changed forever the relationship between humanity and nature. There is real concern that by the middle or the end of the next century human activities will have changed the basic conditions that have allowed life to thrive on earth.Convention on biological diversity : text and annex
UNEP, 1992The Biological Diversity Convention was ratified by Colombia and incorporated into national legislation through law number 165, 1994. The objectives of this convention are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the just and equitable participation of the benefits, which derive from the use of genetic resources. Through, amongst other things, an adequate access to these resources and the appropriate transference of the relevant technologies, taking into account all the rights over these resources and these technologies, as well as through appropriate ...GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 39. The State of the Marine Environment
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - UNEP, 1990In 1989 man’s fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans. Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from the beaches to abyssal depths. But conditions in the marine environment vary widely…GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 34. Review of Potentially Harmful Substances - Nutrients
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - UNEP, 1990The main purpose of this report is to assess the extent to which increases in the availability of nutrients due to anthropogenic activities affect plant production in the sea and the consequences this may have upon man’s interests and the environment. Nutrients in this context can be defined as those substances which are required for growth of primary producers such as benthic algae, aquatic vascular plans and phytoplankton all of which are autotrophic organisms using light as their energy source…
The major nutrients in a marine context are compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus ...Impacts Assessment of Climate Change
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - WMO, 1990GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 38. The Atmospheric Input of Trace Species to the World Ocean
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - UNEP, 1989Chemicals, both natural and man-made, reach the oceans by a number of routes, including rivers, direct dumping, and via the atmosphere. The first two paths have been studied for several decades, but it is only relatively recently that it has become possible to estimate the amounts of material entering the oceans from the atmosphere…
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