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IOM Report, 121. Measurement of upper-air pressure, temperature and humidity
This report is that document, as authored by Dr Nash, in all its original detail. Starting with the existing version of the CIMO Guide (2010 update) Dr Nash revised that information, primarily to include the additional understanding gained from the Yangjiang intercomparison. At the same time, though, he added a wealth of further specialist knowledge, gained from his protracted involvement in WMO CIMO activities over more than thirty years, and in particular from his participation in all eight CIMO international radiosonde intercomparisons, commencing with the first, held at Bracknell in 1983.< ...
WCDMP, 84. Eighth Seminar for Homogenization and Quality Control in Climatological Databases and Third Conference on Spatial Interpolation Techniques in Climatology and Meteorology
The 8th Homogenization Seminar and the 3rd Conference on Spatial Interpolation were organized together considering certain theoretical and practical respects. Theoretically there is a strong connection between these topics since the homogenization and quality control procedures need spatial statistics and interpolation techniques for spatial comparison of data. On the other hand the spatial interpolation procedures (e.g. gridding) need homogeneous data series with high quality. Practically the CARPATCLIM project that was launched in 2010 and ended in 2013 is a good example for this problem. Th ...
JCOMM Technical Report, 84. Final report, JCOMM Pilot intercomparison project for seawater salinity measurements
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2015The Pilot Inter - comparison Project for Seawater Salinity Measurements is organized by The Joint WMO - IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) and undertaken by the Regional Marine Instrument Center for the Asia - Pacific Region (RMIC/AP). As the first inter - comparison project under JCOMM framework in history, the purpose is of understanding the overall quality level of salinity measurements of JCOMM Members/Member States and observation programmes, identifying the differences an d promoting the expertise of salinity measurements.
IOM Report, 117. Survey on Alternatives for Dangerous and Obsolete Instruments : evaluation of the questionnaire and recommendations for alternatives
The report enables a WMO Member country to determine where it stands in relation to other WMO Members in regard to its use of dangerous or obsolete instrumentation, and offers some ideas on how to replace these instruments by suggesting possible alternatives.
SDS-WAS, 2015-001. Dust/ sand storms over Libya : Spatial distribution, frequency and seasonality, technical report
The climate of most of the coastal region of Libya can be classified as semi-arid, while that of the rest of the country is arid. Rainfall is erratic with extremely variable yearly rainfall amounts: a series of dry years may follow a year with adequate rainfall. Furthermore, monthly and seasonal totals are not homogenous and most precipitation occurs during winter months.
Dust and sand storms, the focus of the present study, are one of the main extreme weather phenomena that affect Libya. In this paper, spatial and temporal distribution, frequency and seasonality are studied and analyze ...
Flood Management Tool Series, Technical Document, 23. Health and Sanitation Aspects of Flood Management
Flood events are known for their profound capacity to positively or negatively affect humans. Floods improve overall human well-being by providing services such as groundwater recharge, surface-water replenishment, soil-fertility enhancement and a general increase in the value of social–ecological systems. Equally, however, flood events pose a series of diverse health threats, ranging from contaminated water sources to decreased agricultural productivity, especially when communities are vulnerable and lack the capacity to effectively respond to, and recover from, the adverse effects of floods. ...
Flood Management Tool Series, Technical Document, 22. The role of the media in flood management
Communication is the imparting or exchange of information between individuals or groups through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour (Merriam-Webster, 2013a; Oxford Dictionaries, 2013). In recent decades, different conceptual models have been developed to explain the process of human communication. One of the best representations of the flow of information in flood communication is the Interactional Communication Model proposed by Schramm (Schramm, 1954).
Flood Management Tool Series, Technical Document, 21. Effectiveness of flood management measures
It is not enough to assert—to an elected official, a regulator, a donor organization or the taxpayer—that one’s organization is doing an effective job of flood management. One also has to be able to provide a credible answer to the question: “How do you know?” 2 There is a multiplicity of flood management activities that can be pursued by a plethora of government jurisdictions, government agencies, NGOs, private and volunteer groups— independently, in cooperation, in competition. These activities may include: constructing flood prevention infrastructure; rebuilding houses, buildings and infras ...
GAW Report, 224. Ninth Intercomparison Campaign of the Regional Brewer Calibration Center Europe (RBCC-E)
This ninth intercomparison campaign was a joint exercise of the Regional Brewer Calibration Center for Europe (RBCC-E) and the Arosa Lichtklimatisches Observatorium (LKO) of MeteoSwiss during the period 14-26 July 2014. Six Brewers managed by 11 experts from four countries participated in the campaign (Table 1). The Brewer instruments were compared with the RBCC-E travelling reference Brewer #185 for ozone. The RBCC-E transferred during this intercomparison its own absolute ozone calibration obtained by the Langley method at the Izaña Observatory (IZO). The calibration of the reference instrum ...
GAW Report, 223. Eighth Intercomparison Campaign of the Regional Brewer Calibration Center for Europe (RBCC-E)
The eighth Regional Brewer Calibration Center for Europe (RBCC-E) intercomparison was held at El Arenosillo Atmospheric Sounding Station of the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) during the period 10-20 June 2013. This campaign was organized in collaboration with the Area of Instrumentation and Atmospheric Research of INTA, with the support of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and a CEOS CALVAL project of the European Space Agency (ESA). A total number of 18 Brewer spectrophotometers from eight countries participated in th ...
JCOMM Technical Report, 40. JCOMM Data Management Plan, Prepared by the Members of the Data Management Coordination Group : revision 2
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2015 (WMO/TD-No. 1426)
Role and operation of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services : a statement by the World Meteorlogical Organization for Decision Makers
This statement by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is to urge decisionmakers to enhance their support to National Meteorological and Hydrological Services to fulfil their mandates and deliver services that contribute to meeting societal needs and national development goals.
WMO Strategic Plan 2016-2019
This Strategic Plan for 2016–2019 reflects the decisions and directions of the Seventeenth World Meteorological Congress, held in Geneva from 25 May to 12 June 2015. It sets the directions and priorities to guide the activities of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to enable all Members to improve their information, products and services. It anticipates increased demand for high-quality weather, hydrological and climate services to enhance community resilience, contribute to economic growth and protect life and property from extreme weather, climate and water events.
World Hydrological Cycle Observing System Guidelines
WHYCOS is a global concept, comprising a number of independent regional or basin-wide Hydrological Cycle Observing System (HYCOS) components. At the local level within a country, HYCOS brings together various agencies to work on delivering enhanced data and information products, such as the production and delivery of flood forecasts and warnings. An important complementary activity is the building of closer ties to communities and groups whose primary mandate benefits from access to the enhanced data, products and services, thereby achieving increased positive societal impacts. This contribute ...
Arctic drives new era in climate and weather services
The Arctic is changing. Melting sea ice, thawing perma¬frost and a greening tundra are some of the consequences of Arctic temperatures that have been higher in the past few decades than at any other time over the past 2000 years. Unanticipated alterations in weather patterns and ocean currents are driving changes both on land and in the oceans.
Satellites for Climate Services: case studies for establishing an architecture for climate monitoring from space
The report describes case studies that demonstrate the direct or indirect value of Earth observation satellites for climate services.
Seamless prediction of the Earth system : from minutes to months
This book collects together White Papers that have been written to describe the state of the science and to discuss the major challenges for making further advances. The authors of each chapter have attempted to draw together key aspects of the science that was presented at WWOSC-2014. The overarching theme of this book and of WWOSC-2014 is “Seamless Prediction of the Earth System: from minutes to months”. The book is structured with chapters that address topics regarding: Observations and Data Assimilation; Predictability and Processes; Numerical Prediction of the Earth System; Weather-relate ...
WMO Guidelines on Multi-hazard Impact-based Forecast and Warning Services
Improving the understanding of the potential impacts of severe hydrometeorological events poses a challenge to NMHSs and their partner agencies, particularly disaster reduction and civil protection agencies (DRCPAs). These Guidelines establish a road map that identifies the various milestones from weather forecasts and warnings to multi-hazard impact-based forecast and warning services.
For completeness, these Guidelines also describe the ultimate step of forecasting actual impacts, although it is recognized that this is a highly sophisticated exercise, requiring strong collaboration w ...
OSCAR - Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool
OSCAR is an important part of WIGOS. It has four components (see diagram below): OSCAR/Surface and OSCAR/Space contain information about surface- and space-based observing system capabilities; OSCAR/Requirements contains user requirements for all Application Areas supporting WMO Programmes, and OSCAR/Analysis is used to compare those requirements with the observing system capabilities (RRR, "Critical Review"). This allows experts and observing system operators to identify gaps and supports their planning efforts. OSCAR/Space has been available in pre-operational mode at the WMO Secretariat sin ...
Valuing Weather and Climate : Economic Assessment of Meteorological and Hydrological Services
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Bank the; United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - WMO, 2015 (WMO-No. 1153)The review of all past and current SEB analysis performed for this publication indicates that properly planned investments in hydrometeorological services provide significant benefits relative to their costs. While the publication attempts to capture the currently available wealth of experience and expertise across different contexts, it is not the end point for developing global knowledge on SEB analysis of hydrometeorological studies. Indeed, as we move to implement new global commitments on sustainable development goals, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, interest in kno ...
WMO Capacity Development Strategy and Implementation Plan
The Capacity Development Strategy (CDS), as approved by the Executive Council at its sixty fourth session, manifests the holistic nature of capacity development. On the basis of the criteria laid down by the Sixteenth Congress and the sixty-third and sixty-fourth sessions of the Executive Council, a strategic framework was developed to ensure that a range of relevant considerations was factored in the CDS and, subsequently, the Capacity Development Strategy Implementation Plan (CDSIP). An analysis of how the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) can best help National Meteorological and Hydr ...
Heatwaves and Health : Guidance on Warning-System Development
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Health Organization (WHO) - WMO, 2015 (WMO-No. 1142)This Guidance has been developed jointly by WMO and WHO to outline for practitioners in both NMHSs and National Health Services (NHSs) the issues surrounding the general heat–health problem and present how an understanding of the biometeorology, epidemiology, public-health and risk-communication aspects of heat as a hazard can be used to inform the development of an HHWS as part of a wider HHAP. The Guidance places emphasis on the practical aspects of HHWSs at a generic level and is not intended to be prescriptive. The Guidance has been produced to have global applicability. It has drawn on ex ...
Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services, Second session : Abridged final report with resolutions
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CliC Annual Report
CliC is pleased to release its 2014 Annual Report which summarizers the amazing number of activities that we sponsored, supported, and in many cases, initiated over the past few years. We hope you will take the time to read the achievements, as well as our plans for the coming year(s).
Conference report - Conference on the Gender Dimensions of Weather and Climate Services
The Conference on the Gender Dimensions of Weather and Climate Services was a landmark international forum addressing how to equally empower women and men to build safer, stronger and more resilient societies through the provision and use of gender-sensitive weather and climate services. The Conference represented the contribution of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and its partners to the review of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 20 years after its adoption. It also provided recommendations to enrich the development of the post-2015 disaster risk r ...
WMO Statement on the status of the global climate in 2014
The warming trend observed over the past few decades continued in 2014, which WMO has ranked as nominally the warmest year since modern instrumental measurements began in the mid-1800s. Although 2014 broke the record by only a few hundredths of a degree – less than the margin of uncertainty – this result means that 14 of the 15 hottest years on record occurred during the twenty-first century. The evidence for human-induced global warming is therefore increasingly robust.
The Climate in Africa: 2013
In Africa in 2013, the critical weather and climate trends of the last decades continued: it was one of the warmest years on the continent since at least 1950, with temperatures above average in most regions. Precipitation at the continental scale was near average. But several extreme events hit the region. The floods that hit Mozambique in January were among the 10 most severe in the world that year, based on the number of deaths. In contrast, the rains in Namibia and neighboring countries fell well below normal, leading to a severe drought.
Role and operation of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services : a statement by the World Meteorlogical Organization for Directors of NMHSs
The Statement by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) on the Role and Operation of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) presents information on the role and operation of NMHSs worldwide. The four sections of the document present the functions of NMHSs, their contribution to social and economic development, the services they provide, the basic systems to support service delivery, legislative and institutional matters, including governance, partnership and cooperation, and future development opportunities among other issues.
Guide to the Implementation of Education and Training Standards in Meteorology and Hydrology, volume I – Meteorology
The purpose of this publication is to facilitate a common understanding of the basic qualifications required of individuals who are to be recognized either as Meteorologists or as Meteorological Technicians, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), while assisting National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) in establishing their respective personnel classification systems and training programmes to satisfactorily meet international standards.
Lake Chad-HYCOS, A component of the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) : Project document
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) ; World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - WMO, 2015
Guide to the Quality Management System for the Provision of Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation (WMO-No. 1001)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - WMO, 2014 (2011 edition updated in 2014; WMO-No. 1001)This publication was deemed obsolete by the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology at its sixteenth session (CAeM-16) (24–27 July 2018) and has therefore been discontinued.
Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014 - Assessment for Decision-Makers (GORMP 55)
The present document will be part of the information upon which the Parties to the United Nations Montreal Protocol will base their future decisions regarding ozone-depleting substances, their alternatives, and protection of the ozone layer. It is the latest in a long series of scientific assessments that have informed the Parties.
Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2012)
The Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2012) seeks to raise awareness of these and other challenges to collecting and analysing disaster risk information. It presents a worldwide analysis of extreme weather, climate and water events, drawing on the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), compiled by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). The Atlas compares the reported impacts of meteorological, climatic and hydrological extremes (as categorized by CRED) on people and economies at both global and regional levels.
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.10: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2013
This tenth WMO/GAW Annual GHG Bulletin reports atmospheric abundances and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These three, together with CFC-12 and CFC-11, account for approximately 96%[5] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs (Figure 1). For the first time, this bulletin contains a section on ocean acidification prepared in collaboration with the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.10 - Climate Summit edition: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2013
This tenth WMO/GAW Annual GHG Bulletin reports atmospheric abundances and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These three, together with CFC-12 and CFC-11, account for approximately 96%[5] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs (Figure 1). For the first time, this bulletin contains a section on ocean acidification prepared in collaboration with the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the ...
The WMO Strategy for service delivery and its implementation plan
WMO Members recognize the importance of providing high-quality delivery of weather-, climate-, water- and environment- related services. WMO facilitates international coordination, sets standards for meteorological and hydrological products and provides guidance on service delivery. While some great success has been achieved in this regard, Members have agreed that a more uniform and structured approach to service development and delivery is required. As a result, the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery (the Strategy) was approved at the sixteenth session of the World Meteorological Congress (Ma ...
The WMO AMDAR Observing System : Benefits to airlines and aviation
A 4-page brochure, developed and published by WMO, that briefly explains the benefits of the AMDAR observing system to airlines and the aviation industry.
WIGOS Technical Report, 2014-02. Requirements for the Implementation and Operation of an AMDAR Programme
This document provides guidance to WMO Members on the requirements for the establishment and operation of a national or regional AMDAR observing system in collaboration with one or more partner commercial airlines. It has been contributed to and reviewed by observing system experts of WMO Members, including members of the WMO Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) Expert Team on Aircraft-Based Observing Systems (ET-ABO).
GCOS, 181. GCOS Programme Review : Synthesis report
This document is based on the GCOS Programme Review Full Report. Its purpose is to give the GCOS community and the decision-makers an overview of the review process and the findings and recommendations. The GCOS Review formally began with the First Meeting of the GCOS Review Board in Geneva, 26-27th March 2013 and continued throughout the year; to be completed in April 2014. The review was conducted by a Review Board appointed by the programme’s sponsors: the International Council for Science (ICSU), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (I ...
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DBCP Technical Document, 51. Presentations at the DBCP Scientific and Technical Workshop
JCOMM Technical Report, 61. Ship Observations Team (SOT) Implementation Strategy : version 1.0
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - WMO, 2014This document provides the rationale for the strategy of the SOT for the implementation of the ship fleets under its responsibility in the foreseeable future. It particularly includes an overarching implementation plan, and a detailed implementation plan with clear objectives, and some performance targets.
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DBCP Technical Document, 48. Annual report for 2013
WCDMP, 83. IDARE White Paper
Congress during its sixteenth session in 2011 welcomed the decision of the Commission for Climatology during its fifteenth session in 2010 for improving WMO Climate System Monitoring including related methodologies and dissemination of monitoring reports for timely information on extreme weather and climate events occurring on large scale and having high socioeconomic impacts. A brochure called "Assessment of the observed extreme conditions during the 2009/2010 boreal winter" was published by WMO in 2010 and is now followed by this supplement to the WMO annual statement on the status of the g ...
GAW Report, 214. Report of the GAW 2013 Symposium and the Fourth Session of the CAS JSC OPAG-EPAC
The meeting reviewed current WMO data quality objectives and observation scales, covering such topics as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, stable isotopes, radiocarbon in greenhouse gas measurements, calibration, quality control, data management and archiving. The workshop also discussed new and emerging technologies, including measurements of greenhouse gases with high-precision spectroscopic methods. The group made several recommendations on the WMO data quality objectives, as well as on the development of the GAW Programme infrastructure. These recommendations are summarized in the ...
GAW Report, 213. 17th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2013)
The meeting reviewed current WMO data quality objectives and observation scales, covering such topics as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, stable isotopes, radiocarbon in greenhouse gas measurements, calibration, quality control, data management and archiving. The workshop also discussed new and emerging technologies, including measurements of greenhouse gases with high-precision spectroscopic methods. The group made several recommendations on the WMO data quality objectives, as well as on the development of the GAW Programme infrastructure. These recommendations are summarized in the ...
GAW Report, 212. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Spectral Instruments Measuring Spectral Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance
This document outlines such operating procedures for spectral UV measurements and is intended for use by station operators. As it does not present the details of instrument characterization and calibration, the guide should be used in conjunction with GAW Reports No. 125 [WMO, 2001], No. 126 [WMO, 1998], No. 146 [WMO, 2003], and No. 191 [WMO, 2010] providing more detail and background information.
IOM Report, 115. AMDAR Onboard Software Functional Requirements Specification : (Version 1.1, 2 June 2014)
This document provides a functional specification for AMDAR onboard software, which can be utilized by avionics software developers to build avionics software applications for AMDAR that will efficiently meet WMO standards and requirements for reporting of meteorological data from the aircraft platform utilizing aviation communications protocols and infrastructure.
DBCP Technical Document, 49. Proceedings of the Second Capacity Building Workshop of the DBCP for the North Pacific Ocean and its Marginal Seas (NPOMS-2) : Application of Regional Ocean Observations for Increasing Society’s Understanding and Forecasting of Typhoons
GAW Report, 211. Rationalizing nomenclature for UV doses and effects on humans
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) - WMO, 2014The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and other interested parties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory.
Establishment and Operation of a Flood Information System in the Hindu Kush Himalayas “Making information travel faster than floods”, HKH HYCOS User Phase 2015-2019 : Project Document
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD); World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - WMO, 2014Submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Finland by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal
HIWeather
Despite substantial advances in both forecasting capability and emergency preparedness, recent years have seen a large number of natural disasters that have cost many lives, displaced large numbers of people, and caused widespread damage to property and infrastructure. Many of these disasters result from severe weather interacting with society. At the same time, less severe weather events place a continuing strain on society through more frequent impacts of smaller magnitude. This is especially evident in less developed countries with more fragile economies and infrastructure. In addition, wea ...
SDS-WAS. Regional Center for Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe of the WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System : activity report 2010-2012
This report presents the Center’s activities in the 2010-2012 period. It reports on its efforts to build capacity in the region and to develop user services to reduction of adverse impacts of dust in countries heavily impacted by dust storms. There remain important SDS-WAS research issues to be considered and it is hoped that the Center will continue to play a coordinating role in addressing these. These research topics include the assimilation of observations in numerical dust prediction models; role of dust chemical/mineral composition on health and environment; direct and indirect interacti ...
SPC SOPAC Published Report, 187. Hydrometeorological Disasters in the Pacific
Holland Paula; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) - Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), 2014It is a long accepted fact that the Pacific is one of the most natural disaster prone regions in the world. Aside from the threat of seismic events, such as earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic activities, the Pacific region is subject to a wide range of hydrometeorological hazards. […]
SPC SOPAC Published Report, 185. Economic Dimensions of Improved Meteorological Services in the Pacific
Investment in meteorological services can generate widespread benefits for a community. These may take the form of small daily improvements in the lives of citizens and businesses (such as improved farming outlooks) as well as occasional benefits from improved planning for severe events.
Due to the diversity of ways that meteorological services can improve lives, it is not possible to determine with certainty their benefits. However, illustrations of the magnitude of the types of benefits may be identified.
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