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The Sun, The Earth, and Near-Earth Space
While solar radiation enables and sustains life on Earth, it also produces “space weather” that can profoundly impact different technologies, including telecommunications, satellite navigation, and the electric power grid. Solar flares can produce x-rays resulting in radio blackouts that block high-frequency radio waves. Solar Energetic Particles can penetrate satellite electronics and cause electrical failure. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can cause geomagnetic storms that induce ground currents and degrade power grid operations, sometimes catastrophically. The Sun, The Earth, and Near-Earth ...
Location Science Improves Everyday Life
This short video explores some of the ways that location science improves everyday life. It follows two characters, Jane and John, through the course of a typical day. Jane has a smooth trouble-free day fishing with friends, thanks in part to accurate location surveys. John, on the other hand, has an awful day traced to inaccurate surveys and out-of-date maps.
Global Weather Enterprise Conference : DATA- Business Models and Policies Shaping the Future of Global Weather Enterprise
Global Weather Enterprise is the global dimension of the multi-national multistakeholder weather enterprise encompassing all contributors to the Earth system monitoring, prediction and service provision from public, private and academic sectors, as well as learned or civil society entities.
Gravity for Geodesy II: Applications
Gravity is an important part of geodesy, with implications for height measurements and many other applications. In this module, we explore the concept of equipotential surfaces and relate them to gravity. Then we discuss geodetic applications that rely on accurate gravity measurements, including leveling surveys and floodplain mapping. We introduce a special surface based on gravity, called the gravimetric geoid, and explain why we want to use it as a reference datum. We discuss how to measure Earth’s gravity and introduce you to the National Geodetic Survey’s GRAV-D project, including how and ...
Foundations of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
This lesson provides a technical introduction to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), covering theory, procedures, and accuracy issues. Aimed at professionals in a “geospatial science” field, including engineers, surveyors, meteorologists, geographers and GIS professionals, it will also be useful for emergency managers, and technically-inclined members of the general public with appropriate math and/or science background. For those who may currently see GPS/GNSS as a “black box”, this 1.5 hour lesson provides an understanding of the underlying principles and concepts to support correctl ...
Dam Failure Concepts and Modeling
This lesson provides an in-depth case study to illustrate principles of dam failure modeling and examines some of the critical data inputs and outputs. Output is provided from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS model for simulated failures of a large dam. Several simulations are presented that show the impact from varying the size of the breach and the time it takes the breach to fully develop. The lesson also summarizes several infamous large dam failures from around the world and the impacts from other factors are such as reservoir shape and size, the age of the dam, and the material u ...
Gravity for Geodesy I: Foundations
The first of a two-part series, this 40-50 minute non-narrated interactive lesson is intended to help professionals with basic science background better understand the Earth’s gravity field and what causes its variations. Of particular interest to earth/physical scientists as well as surveying engineers, this lesson covers Newton’s laws with a focus on Earth’s gravity field as it applies to geodesy. After a review of the basics of Newtonian gravitation and gravity, it explores how density, altitude, and latitude affect gravity.
Communicating Winter Weather Surface Impacts
This lesson will introduce National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters to the benefits of pre-season coordination in understanding the critical needs of decision-makers, particularly the state and local Departments of Transportation (DOTs). The strategies used by DOTs to mitigate road impacts during the winter and how the NWS can best support their needs are also discussed. Learners will gain insight into the common methods of collaboration between the NWS and DOT, and the different types of winter weather events in which they work together. Learners will also practice communicating winter weat ...
Forecasters' Overview of the Mediterranean and Europe
This module provides an introduction to the European continent and the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas for weather forecasters. It focuses on geography, climatology, oceanography, major aspects of the synoptic and mesoscale weather patterns, and hazards to aviation and maritime operations. Geography covers major political boundaries, cities, ports, topographical features, rivers, and volcanic areas. Climatology covers the seasonal climatology of jet stream, synoptic weather systems, extratropical cyclones, and high winds and seas. Oceanography includes major bathymetric features; mean sea su ...
NOAA’s VDatum: Transforming Heights between Vertical Datums
Produced in collaboration between NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and The COMET Program, this video explains NOAA’s VDatum tool and its role in facilitating height transformations between vertical datums including tidal, orthometric, and ellipsoidal datums. It also provides an overview of different types of vertical datums and how they may be used for different applications with a focus on coastal areas and navigation services. Leaders from NOAA as well as other government agencies such as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the U.S. Arm ...
Best Practices for Minimizing Errors during GNSS Data Collection
Aimed at surveyors and GIS professionals who use geodetic-quality GNSS equipment to determine positions for land planning, coastal monitoring and other purposes, this video covers best practices for reducing errors in the areas of: 1. location and environment, 2. equipment setup and 3. observation times and accuracy checks. This resource is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel.
The Importance of Accurate Coastal Elevation and Shoreline Data
Produced in collaboration between NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and The COMET Program, this video explains the role of topo-bathy lidar products in NOAA’s mapping and charting program, and how these products provide a critical dataset for coastal resilience, coastal intelligence, and place-based conservation. Federal, state and local decision-makers, coastal zone managers, community planners as well as general and scientific users of mapping products will find this 4-minute video helpful for understanding the benefits of coastal elevation data produced by NGS. This resource is hosted o ...
Geospatial Infrastructure for Coastal Communities: Informing Adaptation to Sea Level Rise
Aimed at community planners, emergency managers, and other coastal zone decision-makers this video will explain how using geospatial information already available through NOAA, combined with strategic local investments in infrastructure can provide communities with the data needed to confidently plan for future sea-level changes. This resource is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel.
Two Right Feet? Understanding the Difference Between U.S. Survey Feet and International Survey Feet
This video explains the difference between the U.S. survey foot (sFT) and the international survey foot (iFT) and the importance of this distinction when working with map projections. It will be helpful to surveyors, planners and anyone who needs to convert map coordinates from meters to feet. This resource is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel.
Introduction to Geodesy and Mapping
This lesson covers the topics of geodesy, datums, map projections, and map coordinate systems. Geodesy addresses the shape of the earth: the topographic surface, geoid, and best-fit ellipsoid. Datums addresses the position and orientation or the best-fit ellipsoid and the resulting coordinates. Map projections addresses the different ways to project an ellipsoidal datum onto a flat surface. Each projection has unique properties and each has pros and cons. Coordinate systems addresses the different ways that a rectangular coordinate system can be superposed on latitude-longitude graticule.
Overview of Watershed and Channel Sedimentation
This lesson provides an overview of the primary influences of watershed and channel sedimentation. In a short narrated portion of the lesson, we explore a section of the Rio Grande watershed and channel in New Mexico using Google Earth imagery, river profiles, and graphic animations. We highlight features of the upland catchments, the river channel, and the Elephant Butte Reservoir. We then demonstrate how environmental factors (climate, geography, land use changes, reservoirs) impact the supply and movement of sediments for the Rio Grande and other rivers. The focus is on the three primary pr ...
Seamless prediction of the Earth system : from minutes to months
This book collects together White Papers that have been written to describe the state of the science and to discuss the major challenges for making further advances. The authors of each chapter have attempted to draw together key aspects of the science that was presented at WWOSC-2014. The overarching theme of this book and of WWOSC-2014 is “Seamless Prediction of the Earth System: from minutes to months”. The book is structured with chapters that address topics regarding: Observations and Data Assimilation; Predictability and Processes; Numerical Prediction of the Earth System; Weather-relate ...
Prévoir l'évolution du système terrestre de la minute au mois
La publication rassemble des «livres blancs» qui présentent l’état d’avancement de la météorologie et les grands défis à relever pour progresser encore. Dans chaque chapitre, les auteurs ont cherché à récapituler des éléments fondamentaux présentés à la Conférence. Le thème directeur de l’ouvrage comme de la Conférence est le «continuum de prévision du système terrestre de quelques minutes à plusieurs mois». La publication s’organise en chapitres portant notamment sur les observations et l’assimilation des données, la prévisibilité et les différents processus, la prévision numérique du système ...
La predicción sin discontinuidad del sistema tierra : de minutos a meses
El presente libro reúne documentos informativos elaborados para describir la situación actual de la ciencia y debatir los principales desafíos para seguir avanzando. Los autores de cada capítulo han tratado de recopilar los aspectos científicos clave presentados en la primera Conferencia científica abierta sobre meteorología mundial. El tema principal del presente libro y la Conferencia es “La predicción sin discontinuidad del sistema Tierra: de minutos a meses”. El libro está estructurado en varios capítulos que abordan temas relacionados con las observaciones y la asimilación de datos, la pr ...
Precision and Accuracy in Geodetic Surveying
This brief video focuses on the importance of both precision and accuracy in geodetic surveying and the difference between them. Produced in collaboration between NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey and The COMET Program, this video is aimed at surveying professionals, planners, policy-makers and others who use mapping products. The video emphasizes that the accuracy of survey measurements should always be verified by relating measurements to a known reference system such as the National Spatial Reference System in the United States. This resource is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel.
An Introduction to Geodetic Datums
This series of short videos, produced in collaboration between NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey and The COMET Program, provides an introduction to geodetic datums for anyone who uses mapping products or other geo-spatial tools. 1. What are Geodetic Datums? (4:36) In this video we explain the basic concepts behind geodetic datums, where they are used, and why it is important to know about and use the correct datums. 2. How Were Geodetic Datums Established? (3:12) In this video, we explore the history of geodetic datums in the United States, and how they were established at a national level to as ...
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64 - March 2011 - Meteorological Research Institute-Earth System Model Version 1 (MRI-ESM1) -Model Description
is an issue of 気象研究所技術報告. Yukimoto Seiji; Yoshimura H.; Hosaka Masahiro - Meteorological Research Institute, 2012
Arctic Meteorology and Oceanography
Diminishing sea ice has opened the Arctic to navigation and operations like never before. Forecasters are increasingly predicting weather in support of those operations. This module is intended to provide forecasters with a brief introduction to the Arctic, including its geography, climatology, and the forecast problems they are likely to encounter. The module follows a U.S. Coast Guard Cutter on a voyage from Dutch Harbor, in the Aleutian Islands, to Barrow, on the north coast of Alaska. Various topics are addressed along the way in a series of short, stand-alone lessons.
Bivariate analysis and synthesis of flood events for the design of hydraulic structures – a case study for Argentina
A bibliographic review of the state of art of flood estimation techniques shows the importance of studying floods as multivariate events. The aim of this work is to discuss whether a multivariate analysis is necessary for designing dams or for assessing the adequacy of spillways belonging to existing dams. A multivariate approach offers a range of possible events associated to a joint return period, which can be used in a design stage. The multivariate criterion includes information related with the dependence structure linking the flood variables. This dependence is involved in the generation ...
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Distribution and air-sea exchange of mercury (Hg) in the Yellow Sea
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 3. Ci Z.J.; Zhang X.S.; Wang Z.W.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011The Yellow Sea, surrounded by East China and the Korea Peninsula, is a potentially important receptor for anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions from East Asia. However, there is little documentation about the distribution and cycle of Hg in this marine system. During the cruise covering the Yellow Sea in July 2010, gaseous elemental mercury (GEM or Hg(0)) in the atmosphere, total Hg (THg), reactive Hg (RHg) and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM, largely Hg(0)) in the waters were measured aboard the R/V Kexue III. The mean (±SD) concentration of GEM over the entire cruise was 2.61 ± 0.50 ng m−3 (ra ...
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No.10 - November 2010
is an issue of iLEAPS Newsletter. iLEAPS, 2011The latest iLEAPS Newsletter No. 10 deals with "Terrestrial feedbacks and Earth system models".
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Spring Cold Bias of SST and Minimal Wind Mixing in the Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, Volume 3 Number 6. Lin Peng-Fei; Liu Hai-Long; Li Chao; et al. - Science Press, 2010The authors investigate the relationship between bias in simulated sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific cold tongue during the boreal spring as simulated by an oceanic general circulation model (OGCM) and minimal wind mixing (MWM) at the surface. The cold bias of simulated SST is greatest during the boreal spring, at approximately 3°C. A sensitivity experiment reducing MWM by one order of magnitude greatly alleviates cold biases, especially in March-April. The decrease in bias is primarily due to weakened vertical mixing, which preserves heat in the uppermost layer a ...
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Spatial Distributions of Atmospheric Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates over China during Summer
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, Volume 3 Number 5. Yang Da-Sheng; Wang Pu-Cai - Science Press, 2010The latitude-altitude distributions of radiative fluxes and heating rates are investigated by utilizing CloudSat satellite data over China during summer. The Tibetan Plateau causes the downward shortwave fluxes of the lower atmosphere over central China to be smaller than the fluxes over southern and northern China by generating more clouds. The existence of a larger quantity of clouds over central China reflects a greater amount of solar radiation back into space. The vertical gradients of upward shortwave radiative fluxes in the atmosphere below 8 km are greater than those above 8 km. The la ...
A Dictionary of Earth Sciences
The third edition of this leading dictionary offers wide-ranging and authoritative coverage of the earth sciences and related topics, including geology, oceanography, paleontology, minerology, volcanology, and planetary science as well as climatology, geochemistry, and petrology. The fully updated dictionary also provides additional coverage of process geomorphology and physical geography, as well as around 130 line drawings - of which more than 50 are new - to accompany descriptions of forms and processes. A new feature is the inclusion of entry-level web links.
Cross referenci ...
Space Weather Basics, 2nd Edition
This lesson presents an overview of space weather processes, their impacts on Earth and human activities, and the technologies used for forecasting space weather events. The lesson goal is to provide NWS forecasters a basic understanding of space weather and the operations of NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC). It will be of interest to a general audience as well.
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Global change and the Earth System: executive summary
This executive summary describes a book that sets out what is known about global change and the nature of the Earth System. It addresses a number of important but difficult questions. How does the Earth System operate in the absence of significant human influence? How can human-driven effects be discerned from those due to natural variability? What are the implications of global change for human well-being? How robust is the Earth System in the face of this new internal force of change? Can human activities trigger abrupt and potentially irreversible changes to which adaptation would ...
Physics of the Aurora: Earth Systems
This interactive learning module introduces the systems and processes through which the Earth's magnetic field and upper atmosphere are influenced by the sun, eventually leading to the magnificent auroral displays. Developed especially for university professors and students in the fields of physics and astronomy, this module includes sections on the history, lore, and science of the aurora, the magnetosphere, the thermosphere-ionosphere, basic electromagnetism, and upper-atmospheric physics.
Seasonal Forecast Problems Refresher Training
This prototype module was originally intended as a review of seasonal weather regimes and hazards for regions that are of particular interest to the Air Force Weather Agency. Although the project was discontinued, the section on summer weather in the southeast U.S. is available as an forecaster's training aid and as an example of this type of training.
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Geosciences and the UN System: report of the meeting of eminent persons
This brochure was prepared for World Meteorological Day 2000, the day on which WMO celebrated its 50th anniversary. It gives a brief history of WMO and reviews the major contributions of the Organization over its 50 years in existence. It also highlights the recent contributions to new challenges faced by the Organization, and includes an excerpt from the WMO vision for the twenty-first century, which will guide the Organization in the coming years in its service to humankind.
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The Geosciences and the UN System in the service of humankind
This brochure was prepared for World Meteorological Day 2000, the day on which WMO celebrated its 50th anniversary. It gives a brief history of WMO and reviews the major contributions of the Organization over its 50 years in existence. It also highlights the recent contributions to new challenges faced by the Organization, and includes an excerpt from the WMO vision for the twenty-first century, which will guide the Organization in the coming years in its service to humankind.
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Hydrocomp '92
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - VITUKI, 1992
WCRP, 46. Earth observing system for climate research, (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 2-3 July 1990)
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) ; International Council for Science (ICSU); World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - WMO, 1990 (WMO/TD-No. 388)
Operational hydrology report (OHR), 26. Methods of measurement and estimation of discharges at hydraulic structures
A review of methods for the measurement and estimation of discharges at hydraulic structures and pressure conduits with the aim of using such facilities, where they already exist, as an alternative to the construction of discharge measurement stations. Focus is on methods of flow estimation at structures commonly installed in reservoirs, dams and canals as well as standard methods for the measurement of open-channel and pipe flow. Mention is also made of the use of pumping stations and navigation locks.
WCP, 54. Volcanoes and climate
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Bojkov Rumen D.; International Council for Science (ICSU); et al. - WMO, 1983 (WMO/TD-No. 166)
GARP Special Report, 32. Report of the Fifth Planning Meeting for the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) - Part II, Summer MONEX
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) - WMO, 1979
GARP Special Report, 30. Report of the Fifth Planning Meeting for the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) - Part I, Winter MONEX
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) - WMO, 1979
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