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The Forecast Process: Using the Forecast Funnel
This lesson was developed by meteorologist, Dr. Mick Pope, with sponsorship from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). The lesson is a somewhat broad-brush review of the overall forecast process, but with specific application of the forecast funnel approach as used by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). The forecast process components include decision support and communication, use of numerical weather prediction, and applying the forecast funnel approach. The forecast funnel is described in detail, along with the forecaster time pyramid, and it is applied using a BoM forecast polic ...
The Sun, The Earth, and Near-Earth Space
While solar radiation enables and sustains life on Earth, it also produces “space weather” that can profoundly impact different technologies, including telecommunications, satellite navigation, and the electric power grid. Solar flares can produce x-rays resulting in radio blackouts that block high-frequency radio waves. Solar Energetic Particles can penetrate satellite electronics and cause electrical failure. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can cause geomagnetic storms that induce ground currents and degrade power grid operations, sometimes catastrophically. The Sun, The Earth, and Near-Earth ...
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The Smithsonian solar constant data revisited: no evidence for a strong effect of solar activity in ground-based insolation data
Apparent evidence for a strong signature of solar activity in ground-based insolation data was recently reported. In particular, a strong increase of the irradiance of the direct solar beam with sunspot number as well as a decline of the brightness of the solar aureole and the measured precipitable water content of the atmosphere with solar activity were presented. The latter effect was interpreted as evidence for cosmic-ray-induced aerosol formation. Here I show that these spurious results are due to a failure to correct for seasonal variations and the effects of volcanic eruptions and local ...
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Analysis on the impact of aerosol optical depth on surface solar radiation in the Shanghai megacity, China
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Xu J.; Li C.; Shi H.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011This study investigated the decadal variation of the direct surface solar radiation (DiSR) and the diffuse surface solar radiation (DfSR) during 1961–2008 in the Shanghai megacity as well as their relationships to Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) under clear-sky conditions. Three successive periods with unique features of long term variation of DiSR were identified for both clear-sky and all-sky conditions: a "dimming" period from the late 1960s to the mid 1980s, a "stabilization"/"slight brightening" period from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s, and a "renewed dimming" period thereafter. During the ...
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52 (4) - 2010
is an issue of Oceanologia. IO-PAN, 2011Contains:
Invited papers
* Solar radiation in the Baltic Sea: Jerzy Dera, Bogdan Woźniak
Papers
* Solar radiation at the surface in the Baltic Proper: Sirje Keevallik, Kai Loitjärv
* Variability in aerosol optical properties at Hornsund, Spitsbergen: Anna Rozwadowska, Piotr Sobolewski
* Particulate organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea: numerical simulations and experimental data: Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, Karol Kuliński, Anna Maciejewska, Jaromir Jakacki, Janusz Pempkowiak
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Spatial Distributions of Atmospheric Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates over China during Summer
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, Volume 3 Number 5. Yang Da-Sheng; Wang Pu-Cai - Science Press, 2010The latitude-altitude distributions of radiative fluxes and heating rates are investigated by utilizing CloudSat satellite data over China during summer. The Tibetan Plateau causes the downward shortwave fluxes of the lower atmosphere over central China to be smaller than the fluxes over southern and northern China by generating more clouds. The existence of a larger quantity of clouds over central China reflects a greater amount of solar radiation back into space. The vertical gradients of upward shortwave radiative fluxes in the atmosphere below 8 km are greater than those above 8 km. The la ...
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Cloud effects on erythemal UV radiation in a complex topography
Walker Daniel - Confédération Suisse, 2010UV radiation is part of the solar spectrum with wavelengths between 100 and 400 nm. In this study, erythemal UV is investigated; a measure directly related to the harmfulness of
solar radiation to our skin. UV radiation has important impacts on di?fferent ecosystems, life and also on public health. Therefore, detailed information about the spatial distribution of UV radiation and its temporal evolution is required. Since observations are spatially and temporally sparse, these issues are often approached by radiative transfer modeling. These models perform well for simulating UV radiatio ...
Fog: Its Processes and Impacts to Aviation and Aviation Forecasting
This module first introduces forecasters to aviation-forecast customers and their needs, and discusses how fog impacts aviation operations. The main content of the module then explains the physical processes and life cycle of radiation and advection fog, including their preconditioning environment, initiation, growth, and dissipation. The processes covered in the module include radiation (both solar and longwave), soil-atmosphere thermal interactions, turbulent mixing, the roles of condensation nuclei, and droplet settling. Each section of the module includes a set of interactive questions bas ...
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A History of Solar Activity over Millennia: In Living reviews in solar physics, 5 (2008), 3
Usoskin Ilya G. - 2010Presented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The concept of solar activity is discussed along with an overview of the special indices used to quantify different aspects of variable solar activity, with special emphasis upon sunspot number. Over long timescales, quantitative information about past solar activity can only be obtained using a method based upon indirect proxy, such as the cosmogenic isotopes 14 C and 10 Be in natural stratified archives (e.g., tree ring ...
GAW Report, 191. Instruments to Measure Solar Ultraviolet Radiation : part 4: Array Spectroradiometers
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Bais A.; Bernhard G.; et al. - WMO, 2010 (WMO/TD-No. 1538)This paper is part four of a series of documents dedicated to instruments for the measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation. The series of documents has been drawn up by the WMO Scientific Advisory Group on UV Monitoring and the UV Instrumentation Subgroup. The aim of the series is to define instrument specifications and guidelines for instrument characterization that are needed for reliable UV measurements.
GAW Report, 182. IGACO-Ozone and UV Radiation Implementation Plan
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Mälkki A.; Staehelin Johannes; et al. - WMO, 2009 (WMO/TD-No. 1465)
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