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Heatwaves and Health : Guidance on Warning-System Development
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Health Organization (WHO) - WMO, 2015 (WMO-No. 1142)This Guidance has been developed jointly by WMO and WHO to outline for practitioners in both NMHSs and National Health Services (NHSs) the issues surrounding the general heat–health problem and present how an understanding of the biometeorology, epidemiology, public-health and risk-communication aspects of heat as a hazard can be used to inform the development of an HHWS as part of a wider HHAP. The Guidance places emphasis on the practical aspects of HHWSs at a generic level and is not intended to be prescriptive. The Guidance has been produced to have global applicability. It has drawn on ex ...
The Climate in Africa: 2013
In Africa in 2013, the critical weather and climate trends of the last decades continued: it was one of the warmest years on the continent since at least 1950, with temperatures above average in most regions. Precipitation at the continental scale was near average. But several extreme events hit the region. The floods that hit Mozambique in January were among the 10 most severe in the world that year, based on the number of deaths. In contrast, the rains in Namibia and neighboring countries fell well below normal, leading to a severe drought.
Le climat en Afrique en 2013
Les grandes tendances météorologiques et climatiques observées ces dernières décennies en Afrique se sont maintenues: 2013 a été l’une des années les plus chaudes depuis 1950 au moins, les températures s’établissant au-dessus de la moyenne dans la plupart des sous-régions. Les précipitations ont été proches des normales à l’échelle du continent, malgré plusieurs phénomènes extrêmes. Le Mozambique a subi en janvier l’une des dix inondations les plus meurtrières survenues dans le monde cette année-là. À l’inverse, la Namibie et les pays voisins ont souffert d’une grave sécheresse due à un net dé ...
Vagues de chaleur et santé : guide pour l’élaboration de systèmes d’alerte
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) - OMM, 2015 (OMM-No. 1142)Le présent guide a été rédigé conjointement par l’OMM et l’OMS pour décrire les enjeux des effets sanitaires de la chaleur à l’intention des professionnels des SMHN et des services nationaux de santé. Il explique comment une bonne maîtrise des aspects relatifs à la biométéorologie, à l’épidémiologie, à la santé publique et à la communication sur les risques représentés par la chaleur, considérée comme un aléa, peut se révéler utile pour l’élaboration d’un SACS dans le cadre d’un plan canicule plus large. Ce guide expose les aspects pratiques d’un SACS au niveau générique et n’a pas vocation à ...
Оценивая погоду и климат : экономическая оценка метеорологического и гидрологического обслуживания
Всемирная Метеорологическая Организация (BMO); World Bank the; United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - BMO, 2015 (BMO-No. 1153)
El valor del tiempo y el clima : evaluación económica de los servicios meteorológicos e hidrológicos
Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM); Grupo del Banco Mundial ; United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - OMM, 2015 (OMM-No. 1153)
评价天气和气候 : 气象和水文服务的经济评估
世界气象组织 (WMO); World Bank the; United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2015 (世界气象组织 (WMO)-No. 1153)
Déterminer la valeur du temps et du climat : L’évaluation économique des services météorologiques et hydrologiques
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Banque mondiale ; United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - OMM, 2015 (OMM-No. 1153)
El clima en África: 2013
En África, las críticas tendencias meteorológicas y climatológicas imperantes durante los últimos decenios continuaron en 2013, que fue uno de los años más cálidos en el continente desde al menos 1950 y en el que se registraron temperaturas superiores a la media en la mayoría de las regiones. A escala continental, se registraron precipitaciones cercanas a la media. No obstante, varios fenómenos extremos afectaron a la región. Las crecidas que asolaron Mozambique en enero estuvieron entre las 10 más graves del año en el mundo por el número de muertes, mientras que en Namibia y los países vecino ...
Guidelines for Hydrological Data Rescue
These guidelines review the rationale for hydrological data rescue, the benefits to be derived therefrom, appropriate rescue methods, sound data management practices as well as data management systems, procedures for securing rescued data far into the future and for safeguarding data through storage in an international database.
Climate Data Management System Specifications
This publication establishes a framework defining the functionality required within a climate data management system (CDMS). A CDMS is an integrated computer-based system that facilitates the effective archival, management, analysis, delivery and utilization of a wide range of integrated climate data.
Guidelines on the Preparation and Promulgation of the WMO Technical Regulations
The development of these Guidelines was prompted by the need to establish some common understanding, as well as rules and procedures, for those engaged in the preparation and promulgation of regulatory material in WMO. Their purpose therefore is to lay out principles and procedures with a view to improving the quality of the WMO Technical Regulations, Volume I to Volume IV and their annexes (manuals) and guides and ensure their consistency. The Guidelines are addressed to both technical commissions and other bodies drafting regulatory provisions (such as the Executive Council Panel of Experts ...
Technical Report Series, 03. Planning of water quality monitoring systems
This Technical Report: Planning of Water Quality Monitoring Systems, has been developed by WMO jointly with UNEP GEMS/Water in an effort to provide basic know-how and the materials needed to plan, establish and operate water-quality monitoring systems on national levels but also with a view to improving access to water-quality data and information in transboundary basins and globally
Technical Report Series, 02. Technical Material for Water Resources Assessment
The aim of the present publication is to provide technical material in a reasonably logical progression as required for carrying out a water resources assessment (WRA).
Manual de claves - Claves internacionales, volumen I.1, Anexo II al Reglamento Técnico de la OMM: parte A – Claves alfanuméricas
Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) - OMM, 2011 (Edición de 2011, actualización de 2019; OMM-No. 306)
Manuel des codes - Codes internationaux, volume I.1, Annexe II du Règlement technique de l’OMM: Partie A – Codes alphanumériques
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) - OMM, 2011 (Edition 2011, mise à jour en 2019; OMM-No. 306)
Manual on Codes - International Codes, Volume I.1, Annex II to the WMO Technical Regulations: part A- Alphanumeric Codes
Volume I contains WMO international codes for meteorological data and other geophysical data relating to meteorology; it constitutes Annex II of the WMO Technical Regulations and, therefore, has the status of a Technical Regulation. It is issued in two volumes: Volume I.1, containing Part A, and Volume I.2, containing Part B and Part C.
Manual on Codes - Regional Codes and National Coding Practices, Volume II
Volume II contains, for the six WMO Regions and the Antarctic, the procedures for the use of international code forms as well as regional code forms and national coding practices, including national code forms. It constitutes Annex II to the WMO Technical Regulations.
Manual on flood forecasting and warning
The Manual on Flood Forecasting and Warning provides the basic knowledge and guidance to develop or to set up an appropriate and tailored system for any case in which a flood forecasting and warning system is required. The aim is to provide a succinct but comprehensive overview of the basic knowledge and information that the relevant personnel of the National Meteorological or Hydrometeorological Services or other flood management service should require.
Manuel sur la prévision et l'annonce des crues
Le Manuel sur la prévision et l’annonce des crues présente les éléments de connaissance et d’orientation indispensables au développement ou à la création d’un système approprié et adapté, quel que soit le cas où un système de prévision et d’annonce de crues s’impose. Il propose un tour d’horizon, à la fois succinct et fouillé, des connaissances et des renseignements dont pourrait avoir besoin le personnel compétent des Services météorologiques et hydrologiques nationaux ou d’autres services de gestion des crues. Il s’appuie sur les résultats d’importantes missions de recherche et de consultati ...
Manual de claves - claves regionales y prácticas nacionales de cifrado, volúmen II
Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) - OMM, 2011 (Edición de 2011, actualización de 2018; OMM-No. 306)
Наставление по кодам - Региональные коды и национальная практика кодирования, Том II
Всемирная Метеорологическая Организация (BMO) - BMO, 2011 (Издание 2011 г. Обновлено в 2018 г.; BMO-No. 306)
Manuel des codes - Codes régionaux et pratiques nationales de chiffrement, volume II
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) - OMM, 2011 (édition 2011, mise à jour en 2018; OMM-No. 306)
Manual sobre predicción y avisos de crecidas
El Manual sobre predicción y avisos de crecidas ofrece los conocimientos y la orientación básicos necesarios para elaborar o implantar un sistema de predicción y aviso de crecidas adecuado y adaptado a cada situación. El objetivo es describir, de manera resumida pero completa, la información y los conocimientos básicos que debe tener el personal competente de los Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales u otro servicio de gestión de crecidas. El Manual se basa en la información más reciente obtenida en actividades de primera línea de investigación y asesoría de todo el mundo e incluy ...
Manual on Stream Gauging, Vol. I: Fieldwork
The Manual on Stream Gauging (WMO No. 519) was first released in 1980. Since then, however, there have been significant advances both in the approach and the methodologies employed.
Consequently, at its twelfth session (Geneva, October 2004), the WMO Commission for Hydrology (CHy) decided to meet the identified needs of the National Hydrological Services by revising the Manual to include the newer technologies that have been introduced over the period and are currently employed in this crucial field.
In this context, Volume I of the Manual on Stream Gauging encompasses the topics ...
Manual on Stream Gauging, Vol. II: Computation of discharge
The Manual on Stream Gauging (WMO No. 519) was first released in 1980. Since then, however, there have been significant advances both in the approach and the methodologies employed.
Consequently, at its twelfth session (Geneva, October 2004), the WMO Commission for Hydrology (CHy) decided to meet the identified needs of the National Hydrological Services by revising the Manual to include the newer technologies that have been introduced over the period and are currently employed in this crucial field.
In this context, Volume I of the Manual on Stream Gauging encompasses the topics ...
Guide to Hydrological Practices, Volume II : Management of Water Resources and Applications of Hydrological Practices
This comprehensive guide provides practicing hydrologists with handy access to state-of-the-art and reliable information on hydrological practices, from simple discharge measurement to modeling complex hydrological systems. It was first published in 1965 and has been regularly updated since to reflect the evolving needs of, and practices employed by, the National Hydrological Services and other professionals working in water related fields.
Weather Forecasting for Soaring Flight
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol à Voile (OSTIV) - WMO, 2009 (WMO-No. 1038)The aim of this handbook - prepared by Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol à Voile (OSTIV) - is to provide the reader an internationally agreed set of guidelines for meteorological forecasting in soaring flight and related activities.
Guide to Hydrological Practices, Volume I : Hydrology – From Measurement to Hydrological Information
This comprehensive guide provides practicing hydrologists with handy access to state-of-the-art and reliable information on hydrological practices, from simple discharge measurement to modeling complex hydrological systems. It was first published in 1965 and has been regularly updated since to reflect the evolving needs of, and practices employed by, the National Hydrological Services and other professionals working in water related fields.
Basic Documents, 2. Technical Regulations, Volume III: Hydrology
This volume contains definitions of technical terms, a classification of hydrological observing stations, and guidance on the establishment of networks of these stations, their identification, observing programmes, equipment and methods of observation. It also contains a chapter on meteorological services for hydrology.
Management strategies in agriculture and forestry for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate variability and climate change : report of the CAgM-XII Working Group
This report presents examples of the impacts of adaptation strategies required for reducing vulnerability of agriculture and forestry to climate variability and climate change. It also presents information on the impacts of the conversion of forests into crop and rangelands and also examples of the impact of management strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agroecosystems.
Agrometeorology related to extreme events
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Adamenko T.I.; Anaman K.A.; et al. - WMO, 2003 (WMO-No. 943)This technical note demonstrates the effects of extreme meteorological events on agricultural production and summarizes existing knowledge on the application of agrometeorological information needed to better cope with extreme events.
Climate variability, agriculture and forestry: Towards sustainability
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Desjardins R.L.; Janzen H.; et al. - WMO, 2002 (WMO-No. 928)This publication discusses the main causes of global climate variation and the direct effects of changes in atmospheric composition. Examples of increasing the adaptability of agriculture to climate variability are given, and management strategies to reduce the production of greenhouse gases from agriculture are discussed.
Methods of interpretating numerical weather prediction output for aeronautical meteorology (WMO-No. 770) : by the CAeM Working Group on Advanced techniques applied to aeronautical meteorology
This publication was deemed obsolete by the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology at its sixteenth session (CAeM-16) (24–27 July 2018) and has therefore been discontinued.
This Technical Note details current methods of interpreting numerical weather prediction output from global, regional and mesoscale models for aeronautical meteorology. It also describes methods of forecasting weather elements by statistical processing and discusses the emergence of artificial intelligence techniques.
Climate variability, agriculture and forestry: an update
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Desjardins R.; Jones M.B.; et al. - WMO, 1997 (WMO-No. 841)This report complements and updates Technical Note No. 196 (WMO-No. 802) and covers the impact of the following on agriculture and forestry: climate extremes, with emphasis on temperature extremes, drought and tropical cyclones; climate variability for the different main world agroclimatic zones; and the impact of agriculture and forestry on climate through trace gas emissions, as well as the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases.
Agrometeorology of grass and grasslands for middle latitudes
This report gives examples of how climate controls the composition and functioning of grassland, both natural and developed; discusses the response of the grassland to climate at the level of the plant and plant community and the interaction between climate and animals; concentrates on Eurasian and New Zealand grasslands; and reviews only grasslands used for pastoral agricultural development where human food is plant-derived via grazing of animals.
The effect of temperature on the citrus crop
Temperature is the most important climatic determinant of citriculture. Citrus trees are threatened by frost and freeze hazards as well as by high temperatures. This report is mainly confined to temperature effects on citrus crop and includes a list of a wide range of references.
Climate variability, agriculture and forestry : report of the CAgM-IX Working group on the study of climate effects on agriculture including forests, and of the effects of agriculture and forest on climate
Covers for example: principles of the effects of climate variability on agriculture and forests; impacts of climate variability on agriculture and forestry; agricultural and forestry applications and climate variability; the effects of greenhouse gas warming on agriculture and forestry and the effects of agriculture and forests on climate.
Handbook of meteorological forecasting for soaring flight
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol à Voile (OSTIV); Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre - WMO, 1993 (2nd ed.; WMO-No. 495)
Measurement of temperature and humidity : specification, construction, properties and use of the WMO reference psychrometer
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Lalas Theo; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) - WMO, 1992 (WMO-No. 759)This publication serves as a specification for the design and construction of the WMO Reference Psychrometer. It describes how it must be operated in the laboratory and in the field to obtain measurements of air temperature and humidity with very high accuracy. A set of working drawings is included.
Meteorology and grain storage
Updated and revised, the publication covers biological characteristics of food grains and of associated organisms; physical characteristics of grains in bulk; preparation of seed grains for storage; conditioning of grain in bulk during storage; instruments and monitoring procedures. Selected bibliography.
Land management in arid and semi-arid areas
This report is intended to provide basic information for meteorologists, agriculturists, pasture and livestock managers and others working in arid and semi-arid areas. It identifies the meteorological factors that influence land-use and management decisions and makes proposals and recommendations for further study and the monitoring of agrometeorological aspects of land management in arid and semi-arid areas.
Agroclimatology of the sugar-cane crop
A report compiled on the basis of a survey of the literature and of material obtained from the replies to a questionnaire from 43 sugar-cane producing countries. It constitutes the work of the Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Sugarcane Crop, appointed by CAgM at its eighth session, to determine the effect of climate on the growth, development and yield of the sugar-cane crop.
Weather, climate and animal performance
The eighth session of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (Geneva 1983) stressed the need to investigate the role played by weather-based decisions in the management and economics of livestock production. A rapporteur (Dr J. Starr, UK) was appointed to document the role of meteorology in animal performance: this volume constitutes his report.
Agrometeorological aspects of operational crop protection : (report of the Working group on agrometeorological aspects of operational crop protection of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology)
This report provides a general description of the meteorological influences on plant diseases, insect and weed pests, pesticides and the consequent requirements for meteorological data in operational schemes. The results of a questionnaire on the production and dissemination of crop protection information, which had been sent to all Members, form the basis of the next section followed by a chapter on the economic benefits to be gained from the use of agrometeorological information.
Applications of meteorology to atmospheric pollution problems
A summary of the main activities in air pollution meteorology followed by a chapter on air quality management, which describes, inter alia, the concept of background air pollution and a system for evaluation of air pollution processes on various space scales. The Note then reviews the meteorological information, network and data-processing requirements for the operational evaluation of air pollution, and the characteristics and use of models.
The contribution of satellite data and services to WMO programmes in the next decade
An analysis of the present global network of meteorological satellites. The applications of satellite technology in meteorology and operational hydrology are described and an assessment is made of the future role of meteorological satellites in WMO programmes in the next decade.
The analysis of data collected from international experiments on lucerne : (report of the CAgM Working group on international experiments for the acquisition of Lucerne/Weather Data)
International experiments on lucerne are described and an analysis is given of the results with regard to growth, development and yield. Lucerne weather models are presented and recommendations made on the cultivation and adoption of this forage crop.
Land use and agrosystem management under severe climatic conditions
In this Technical Note on the general principles of land use in regions with severe climates, regions have been defined according to the macro-environment they represent: arid, semi-arid, extreme monsoon, humid tropical and cold. A separate chapter is devoted to the land use and agrosystem management of each type of region.
Meteorological observations using navaid methods
Discussed are various terrestrially-based radionavigation networks such as Alpha and Omega (VLF), Decca and Loran-C (LF) and precision radiolocation systems in the VHF, UHF and SHF radiofrequency bands; satellite-based radiolocation systems such as the Service ARGOS and also self-contained navigation systems such as the inertial navigation system (INS) and their use in tracking the motion of meteorological instrument platforms and wind-finding.
Use of radar in meteorology
A Technical Note concerned primarily with the operational aspects of radar (one chapter is devoted to Doppler radar), but which also includes research on, and use of, non-conventional systems, types and uses of radar, basic theory, and data transmission and processing. Errors and accuracies, methods of operation, practical aspects of siting and maintenance, costs and cost-benefit aspects are also considered.
Meteorological and hydrological aspects of siting and operation of nuclear power plants: volume I, meteorological aspects
Meteorology and hydrology play an important role in the understanding of the basic criteria for the siting of nuclear power plant and in applying protective measures for their operations. In order to provide advice on this matter, the WMO Secretariat, at the request of the Executive Council, arranged for the preparation of a Technical Note aimed at practising meteorologists and hydrologists of countries faced with the task of installing nuclear power plants.
Weather-based mathematical models for estimating development and ripening of crops
A treatment of the formulation and operation of various models which relate the rate of crop development to certain environ-mental factors (mainly temperature and photoperiod). Many applications are discussed, including crop zonation, land-use planning, management and operation of the production and processing of crops, characterizing genotype response to the environment and use as a biological time-scale submodel for monitoring crop conditions and forecasting yield.
A study of the agroclimatology of the humid Tropics of South-East Asia
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Frère M.; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - WMO, 1982 (WMO-No. 597)
Meteorological and hydrological aspects of siting and operation of nuclear power plants: volume II, hydrological aspects
Meteorology and hydrology play an important role in the understanding of the basic criteria for the siting of nuclear power plant and in applying protective measures for their operations. In order to provide advice on this matter, the WMO Secretariat, at the request of the Executive Council, arranged for the preparation of a Technical Note aimed at practising meteorologists and hydrologists of countries faced with the task of installing nuclear power plants.
Meteorological aspects of the utilization of solar radiation as an energy source: annex - World maps of relative global radiation
This Technical Note contains a detailed treatment of meteorological knowledge and activities related to the harnessing of solar energy, and includes chapters on users' requirements, measurement techniques, data-acquisition systems, instrument calibration and quality control, experimental research and development stations, testing and evaluation, publication, archiving and retrieval of data and numerical examples. Also included are a list of selected references and a summary of all relevant terminology, definitions, units and symbols.
Meteorological aspects of the utilization of wind as an energy source
This publication has been written with the basic aim of promoting the application of meteorological data and knowledge to the planning and operation of wind-energy systems (also called wind-energy conversion systems - WECS). It is intended both for meteorologists expected to assist in wind-energy projects and for wind-energy technologists.
Meteorological aspects of the utilization of solar radiation as an energy source
This Technical Note contains a detailed treatment of meteorological knowledge and activities related to the harnessing of solar energy, and includes chapters on users' requirements, measurement techniques, data-acquisition systems, instrument calibration and quality control, experimental research and development stations, testing and evaluation, publication, archiving and retrieval of data and numerical examples. Also included are a list of selected references and a summary of all relevant terminology, definitions, units and symbols.
Weather and airborne organisms
An outline of commonly observed weather changes which are important in aerobiology, followed by the background information required to understand the take-off, displacement, dispersion and landing of airborne organisms, as well as their death in the air. Reviews from literature have been included to show the many kinds of organisms, scales of effect and kinds of observing and analysis techniques used. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for further work in the field are given.
Quantitative meteorological data from satellites
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Hubert Lester F.; McClain E.Paul; et al. - WMO, 1979 (WMO-No. 531)The data discussed are remote soundings of atmospheric temperature and moisture; winds derived from cloud motions observed by geostationary satellites; Earth-surface temperature, and application of satellite data in numerical analyses and prediction.
Review of urban climatology 1973-1976
This publication reviews developments in the fields of urban climatology and meteorology in the period 1973-1976 inclusive. It therefore forms an addendum to WMO Technical Note No. 134 "Review of Urban Climatology 1968-1973" produced earlier by the author. The organization of the report follows that of the earlier one and the combined bibliographies along with that produced by Chandler (WMO Publication No. 276, 1970) provide a reasonably comprehensive coverage of literature in urban climatology.
Techniques of frost prediction and methods of frost and cold protection
Discussed are the techniques of predicting minimum temperatures and/or frost occurrence used in various countries. The empirical, theoretical, semi-theoretical and ordinary subjective techniques currently employed are described and assessed. In addition, a brief historical review describes the evolution of frost prediction formulae over the past 90 years.
Handbook of meteorological forecasting for soaring flight
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol à Voile (OSTIV) - WMO, 1978 (WMO-No. 495)
Soya bean and weather
This Technical Note reviews the present knowledge of the climatic factors limiting profitable production of the soya bean crop, from germination to harvest.
Radiation regime of inclined surfaces
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - WMO, 1977 (WMO-No. 467)
Effects of Human activities on global climate : a summary, with consideration of the implications of a possibly warmer Earth
In response to a request by the Seventh World Meteorological Congress, the WMO Executive Committee at its twenty-eighth session (1976) approved the text of an officiai WMO statement on climatic change which is reproduced in the following pages, and at the same time allocated responsibilities for promoting and co-ordinating work in three broad components of an integrated international effort related to studies of climatic change. The Commission for Atmospheric Sciences was given the main responsibility in respect of one of these namely, the work on assessing and predicting the effects of geoast ...
Application of building climatology to the problems of housing and building for human settlements
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - WMO, 1976 (WMO-No. 441)This report attempts to discuss the systematics of building climatology in relation to building design. Chapter 1 attempts to outline the general scope of building climatology. Chapter 2 provides a detailed analysis of the meteorologist's contribution to the improvement of the safety of buildings exposed to weather extremes of one kind or another. Chapter 3 describes systematic processes for harnessing meteorological data into the actual building design and construction process. It assumes, as a fundamental requirement, that it is important to work out how best to achieve an appropriate balanc ...
Urban climatology and its relevance to urban design
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - WMO, 1976 (WMO-No. 438)As a guide to planners, Chapter 1 of this Technical Note considers the various mass, moisture, heat and momentum exchanges within the urban boundary layer; Chapter 2 describes the conséquences of thèse as they affect the distribution patterns of each of the meteorological éléments; and Chapter 3 considers the implications of urban climates to successful urban design, together with the logistics of the climatic input into the planning process.
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