Topics
WMO Programmes > Co-sponsored programmes > Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)Relation(s)
|


![]()
GCOS, 235. Report of the 9th Session of the GTN-H Panel
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Council for Science (ICSU) - WMO, 2020World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme ; International Council for Science
Published by: WMO ; 2020Collection(s) and Series: GCOS- No. 235
Language(s): English
Format: Digital (Free)Tags: Atmosphere ; Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
Add tag
No review, please log in to add yours !
![]()
GCOS, 232. Report of the twenty-seventh session of the WMO-IOC-UNEP-ISC steering committee for GCOS
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2020World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ; United Nations Environment Programme ; International Council for Science
Event: Event: WMO-IOC-UNEP-ISC steering committee for GCOS 27th session (28-31 October 2019; Paris, France)
Published by: WMO ; 2020Collection(s) and Series: GCOS- No. 232
Language(s): English
Format: Digital (Free)Tags: Atmosphere ; Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
Add tag
No review, please log in to add yours !
![]()
GCOS, 226. GCOS Surface Reference Network (GSRN) : Justification, requirements, siting and instrumentation options
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019This report is produced by the GSRN Task Team and provides a proposal for the establishment of a GCOS Surface Reference Network, with the support of the GCOS programme, relevant programmes at WMO and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). It outlines the next steps required for the implementation of a GSRN: approval of the proposed GSRN by relevant WMO programmes, the GCOS programme and other sponsors, solicitation of offers to host and staff appropriately the proposed Lead Centre, and the selection of suitable sites for an initial GSRN.GCOS Surface Reference Network (GSRN): Justification, requirements, siting and instrumentation options
![]()
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ; United Nations Environment Programme ; International Council for Science
Published by: WMO ; 2019This report is produced by the GSRN Task Team and provides a proposal for the establishment of a GCOS Surface Reference Network, with the support of the GCOS programme, relevant programmes at WMO and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). It outlines the next steps required for the implementation of a GSRN: approval of the proposed GSRN by relevant WMO programmes, the GCOS programme and other sponsors, solicitation of offers to host and staff appropriately the proposed Lead Centre, and the selection of suitable sites for an initial GSRN.
Collection(s) and Series: GCOS- No. 226
Language(s): English
Format: Digital (Free)Tags: Observations ; Meteorological instrument ; Hydrometeorological instrument ; Climate monitoring ; Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) ; Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) ; WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) ; Text/ Reading ; OBS - Personnel installing and maintaining instrumentation ; OBS - Personnel managing observing programmes and networks ; OBS - Personnel performing instrument calibrations ; Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) ; GCOS Surface Reference Network (GSRN)
Add tag
No review, please log in to add yours !
![]()
GCOS, 229. Plan for improving observations around Lake Victoria that support numerical weather predictions, climate services and adaptation
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019Plan for improving observations around Lake Victoria that support numerical weather predictions, climate services and adaptation
![]()
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ; United Nations Environment Programme ; International Council for Science
Published by: WMO ; 2019Collection(s) and Series: GCOS- No. 229
Language(s): English
Format: Digital (Free)Tags: Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) ; Numerical weather prediction ; Climate services ; Adaptation
Add tag
No review, please log in to add yours !
![]()
GCOS, 230. Report of the Eleventh GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-11)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019Report of the Eleventh GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-11)
![]()
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ; United Nations Environment Programme ; International Council for Science
Published by: WMO ; 2019Collection(s) and Series: GCOS- No. 230
Language(s): English
Format: Digital (Free)Tags: Atmosphere ; Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
Add tag
No review, please log in to add yours !
Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 228. GCOS Joint Panels Meeting Report
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 227. Lightning for Climate : A Study by the Task Team on Lightning Observation For Climate Applications (TT-LOCA) Of the Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019“The Global Observing System for Climate: Implementation Needs” (GCOS, 2016), further referred to as “GCOS Implementation Plan”, calls in its Action A29 for defining “the requirement for lightning measurements, including data exchange, for climate monitoring and to encourage space agencies and operators of ground-based systems to strive for global coverage and reprocessing of existing datasets”. The GCOS Implementation Plan was endorsed by the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) at its Sixteenth session (WMO, 2016) and CBS decided “to support Members, as appropriate, in the implementation of th ...Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 223. Weather Radar Data Requirements for Climate Monitoring
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019Action A24 of the GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS-200), calls for the implementation of an archive for radar reflectivities. The Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) at its Sixteenth session (WMO-1183) endorsed the GCOS Implementation Plan and “Decides to support Members, as appropriate, in the implementation of the actions identified in the GCOS Implementation Plan”. EC-69 (WMO, 2017 - WMO, 1196) invited members “To work towards the full implementation of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) implementation plan.”
At the 22nd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for ...Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 224. Report of the twenty-sixth session of the WMO-IOC-UNEP-ISC steering committee for GCOS
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019Permalink![]()
GCOS, 217. 21st Session of the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (the GOOS Physics and Climate Panel) (OOPC-21)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 218. 23rd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-23)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 216. 8th Session of the GTN-H Panel
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 213. Report of the first meeting of the GCOS/CCl Task Team on Lightning Observations for Climate Applications (TTLOCA-1)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018The meeting opened with a welcome to all participants from the Task Team on Lightning Observations for Climate Applications (TTLOCA) Chairman, Robert Holzworth. He introduced the panel and participating Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) secretariat staff, Valentin Aich and Caterina Tassone.Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 222. Systematic observations and the Paris agreement : Report of the Task Team on the Paris Agreement
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018The Paris Agreement will drive climate policy for many years to come. It establishes a science-based cycle of reporting (through the Transparency Framework), assessment (the Global Stocktake) and increasing ambition of action to address climate change (Nationally Determined Contributions, NDC). The Agreement has three main aims: to limit the global temperature increase, to increase the adaptive capabilities of the Parties, and to increase the making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.
The Paris Agreement covers ...Permalink![]()
GCOS, 219. 20th Session of the GCOS/WCRP Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC-20)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018Permalink![]()
![]()
Strategy and implementation plan 2016 - 2020 for the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P)
Permafrost is recognized as Essential Climate Variable (ECV) within the Global Climate Observing System of UN and ICSU organisations. The Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) is the primary international programme concerned with long-term monitoring of permafrost. The core mission of the GTN-P is sustained comprehensive long-term monitoring network, in order to provide consistent, representative and high quality standardized long-term data series of selected permafrost parameters at key sites and to assess their state and changes over time. The Strategy and Implementation Plan 201 ...Permalink![]()
![]()
National Climate Observing System : Global Climate Observing System – GCOS Switzerland
MeteoSwiss - MeteoSwiss, 2018A key element of the GCOS Switzerland strategy is to maintain an up-to-date inventory of the most important climatological time series and international centres in Switzerland. The result is an inventory report of the National Climate Observing System (GCOS Switzerland), which was first published in 2007 and updated in 2018.
Currently, 33 essential climate variables, two ancillary datasets and six international centres operated by Swiss institutions, are included in the inventory report. For each variable, the type of observations carried out in Switzerland, the legal basis, the import ...Permalink![]()
GCOS, 220. Report of the Tenth GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-10)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 215. Report from 1st Meeting of the Task Team GCOS Upper Air Network (TT-GUAN-1)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017The meeting was opened with a welcome to all participants from Dr Franz Berger, Director of the Lindenberg Observatory.
Peter Thorne agreed to be the meeting chair and welcomed everyone to the meeting.
Tim Oakley, GCOS Secretariat, welcomed everyone on behalf of WMO and GCOS, introduced Caterina Tassone and Valentin Aich from the GCOS Secretariat and thanked all participants for taking the time to attend the meeting and take an active role in this Task Team.
All other members of the task team introduced themselves. The list of participants can be found in Annex 5.Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 214. Report of the 1st Meeting of the GCOS Surface Reference Network (GSRN) Task Team
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017The meeting was opened with a welcome to all participants from Prof. Ray O’Neill, Vice-President of Research and Innovation of the University of Maynooth, Ireland. Caterina Tassone, GCOS Secretariat, introduced Tim Oakley, from GCOS Secretariat and Howard Diamond, Chairman of the Task Team. All other members of the task team introduced themselves. The list of participants can be found in Annex 11. The agenda (Annex 1) was adopted.Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 212. Report for 1st Meeting of GCOS/CCl Task Team on the use of Weather radar for Climate Studies
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017The first meeting of the AOPC task team on the use of weather radar for climate studies, was held at FMI, Helsinki, from August 30th to August 31st 2017. The meeting is hosted by Elena Saltikoff (FMI-Finland), chairperson of the Task Team. Bernard Urban (Météo-France-France) participates as radar expert, Rainer Hollman (DWD-Germany) as AOPC representative, Caterina Tassone for GCOS secretariat. Also present in the first part of the meeting are Aku Riihela and Terhikki Manninen from SCOPE-CM.Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 211. Report of the Ninth GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-9)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017The 9th GRUAN Implementation and Coordination Meeting (ICM-9) was hosted by the Finnish Mete-orological Institute (FMI) from 12 to 16 June 2017 in Helsinki, Finland. It benefitted from support by the local hosts, NOAA, and from the NOAA US GCOS office. The meeting included:
• A special session on Arctic research relevant to GRUAN.
• A special session dedicated to management of the change from RS92 radiosondes to alterna-tive sondes.
• An optional visit to the Vaisala factory outside Helsinki.
• A break-out session on GAIA-CLIM outreach.
• An optional MeteoMet ...Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 210. Report of the twenty-fifth session of the WMO-IOC-UNEP-ICSU Steering Committee for GCOS
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 209. 19th Session of the GCOS /WCRP Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC-19)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017"This meeting [had] to consider its work plan which [included]
• A status report or similar in 4 years and update of IP in 5 years;
• Reviewing the performance of ECV observations and progress on actions in the implementation plan;
• Consideration of Adaptation Needs -> what does it mean for panel/observations;
• The proposal for Evaporation/Latent Heat Flux.
During the discussion it was stressed that the new work cycle of the TOPC after the release of the GCOS implementation plan will be challenging particularly because adaptation and mitigation will become ...Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 207. 22nd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-22)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 206. Indicators of Climate Change Outcome of a meeting held at WMO 3 February 2017
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017Permalink![]()
![]()
Global Climate Observing System Austrian Inventory Report 2017
Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft (BMWFW) ; Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) - ZAMG, 2017This Report is an overview of climate monitoring in Austria in collaboration with governmental institutes, universities and alpine organisations. The first part gives short introductions to the contributing institutes. The second part is structured into two climate monitoring domains, the atmospheric climate observing system and the terrestrial climate observing system. All institutions present their climate observation network and measurement methods. An information sheet summarizes where the data records can be found and lists the contact person appointed by the institution.
This docu ...Permalink![]()
![]()
SMOC, 200. Le Système Mondial d'Observation à des fins Climatologiques : besoins relatifs à la mise en oeuvre
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Education, la Science et et la Culture (UNESCO); Commission Océanographique Intergouvernementale (COI); et al. - OMM, 2016Cette publication présente les exigences à satisfaire et les recommandations à appliquer pour assurer l’efficacité et la fiabilité du Système mondial d’observation du climat (SMOC). La surveillance du climat de la planète, y compris l’état des ressources en eau et les flux de gaz à effet de serre, permet et facilite l’exécution des programmes de l’OMM et de ses États Membres, en vue notamment d’atteindre les objectifs de développement durable des Nations Unies et de mettre en application l’Accord de Paris. Si les Services météorologiques et hydrologiques nationaux (SMHN) sont responsables au p ...Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 200. The Global Observing System for Climate : Implementation Needs
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2016This publication provides background in terms of requirements and recommendations for a functional and robust Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Global climate monitoring, including water and greenhouse-gas fluxes, supports and serves the programmes of WMO and its Member States, especially with a view towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and implementation of the Paris Agreement. While observations are the focus of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), aspects of climate-related policy are covered by many different government departments. Al ...Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 205. GRUAN Implementation Plan 2017-2021
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2016PermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 201. Report of the Nineteenth Session of the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC-19)
A large focus of the meeting was completing the GCOS Implementation Plan, in addition to progressing activities in the OOPC Work Plan. The first day of the meeting was held jointly with the JCOMM Observations Coordination Group, and hence was focused on discussing the structure and focus of the ocean section of the GCOS IP, and refining the network based actions for the plan. The Second day was focused on further refining the package of Essential Ocean Variable Specification Sheets, particularly ensuring consistent articulation of applications areas, and phenomena to capture. The 3rd Day focus ...Permalink![]()
![]()
SMOC, 194. Rapport d’activité sur le Système Mondial d’Observation du Climat : résumé d'octobre 2015
Le Rapport d’activité remplit deux fonctions: il évalue l’état d’avancement des mesures décrites dans le Plan de mise en oeuvre du système mondial d’observation à des fins climatologiques dans le contexte de la CCNUCC (version de 2010) et analyse de façon plus générale l’efficacité globale du Système mondial d’observation du climat. Il se fonde sur un vaste ensemble de documents sur le SMOC publiés depuis le bilan de 2009, dont bon nombre décrivent les résultats d’ateliers spécialisés ou de réunions de groupes de travail.Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 199. 21st Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-21)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Council for Science (ICSU); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2015Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 198. Report of the Seventh GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-7)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Council for Science (ICSU); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2015Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 197. Minutes of the working meeting for GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Council for Science (ICSU); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2015Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 196. Report of the twenty-third session of the WMO-IOC-UNEP-ICSU Steering committee for GCOS
This Status Report performs two functions: It assesses the progress made against the actions set out in the GCOS Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update), while also providing a more generic assessment of the overall adequacy of the global observing system for climate. It makes use of a wide range of supporting GCOS materials published since progress was reported in 2009, many of which have resulted from the outcomes of specialized workshops or working group meetings.Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 195. Status of the Global Observing System for Climate
This Status Report performs two functions: It assesses the progress made against the actions set out in the GCOS Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update), while also providing a more generic assessment of the overall adequacy of the global observing system for climate. It makes use of a wide range of supporting GCOS materials published since progress was reported in 2009, many of which have resulted from the outcomes of specialized workshops or working group meetings.Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 194. Status of the Global Observing System for Climate : executive summary October 2015
A report entitled Status of the Global Observing System for Climate was invited by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the thirty-third session of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) in Cancún, Mexico, in 2010. The conclusions of SBSTA in subsequent years have reinforced the importance ascribed to this status report. The report has recently been completed under the overall guidance of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Steering Committee with contributions from panel members and external experts. It ...Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 191. GCOS Workshop on Enhancing Observations to Support Preparedness and Adaptation in a Changing Climate – Learning from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report
PermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 183. Summary Report and Recommendations from the Nineteenth Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-XIX)
Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 182. Workshop on the Review of the GCOS Surface Network (GSN), GCOS Upper-Air Network (GUAN) and related atmospheric networks
Permalink![]()
![]()
GCOS, 181. 全球气候观测系统计划评审 : 综合报告
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2014本文件以GCOS 计划评审的完整报告为基础。文件的目的是向GCOS所涉各界和决策者提供一个有关评审过程、结论和建议的综述。本次GCOS评审于2013年3月26-27日在日内瓦举行的GCOS 评审委员会第一次会议上正式启动,并持续贯穿全年;计划于2014年4月完成评审。此次评审工作由计划的发起方:国际科学理事会(ICSU)、世界气象组织(WMO)、UNESCO的政府间海洋学委员会(IOC)以及联合国环境规划署(UNEP)指定的评审委员会开展。Permalink![]()
![]()
ГСНК, 181. Обзор программы ГСНК : Обобщающий доклад
Данный документ основан на полном докладе об обзоре Программы ГСНК. Его цель — предоставить сообществу ГСНК и лицам, принимающим решения, краткое описание процесса обзора и полученных результатов, а также рекомендации. Обзор ГСНК формально начался с первого совещания Совета по обзору ГСНК в Женеве, 26-27 марта 2013 г., и продолжался весь год с ожидаемой датой завершения в апреле 2014 г. Обзор проводился Советом по обзору, который был назначен спонсорами Программы: Международным советом по науке (МСНС), Всемирной Метеорологической Организацией (ВМО), Межправительственной океанографической комис ...Permalink