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Diapycnal Mixing in Transient Responses of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in an Enhanced Freshwater Perturbation Experiment
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, Volume 3 Number 4. Yu Lei; Gao Yong-Qi; Helge Drange; et al. - Science Press, 2010It has been reported recently that the simulated Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) using the coupled Bergen climate model (BCM) showed initial intensity declines followed by gradual recoveries over a 150-year enhanced freshwater input experiment. Stratification-dependent oceanic diapycnal mixing has been hypothesized as a reason for the simulated recovery of the AMOC. This study investigated the role of diapycnal mixing in transient responses of simulated AMOCs. Our results showed that stratification-dependent diapycnal mixing can cause stronger upwelling of deep water in the ...
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An Arctic Sea Ice Simulation Using an Ocean-Ice Coupled Model
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, Volume 3 Number 4. Sun Hong-Chuan; Zhou Guang-Qing - Science Press, 2010This paper evaluates the simulation of Arctic sea ice states using an ocean-ice coupled model that employs LASG/IAP (the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics/ the Institute of Atmospheric Physics) Climate Ocean Model (LICOM) and the sea-ice model from the Bergen Climate Model (BCM). It is shown that the coupled model can reasonably reproduce the major characteristics of the mean state, annual cycle, and inter-annual variability of the Arctic sea ice concentration. The coupled model also shows biases that were generally pre-sented in ...
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Environmental consequences of ocean acidification : a threat to food security
UNEP, 2010Launched by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the report confirms concerns that some organisms, such as corals and shellfish may find it increasingly difficult to form their skeletons in the decades to come making it harder to survive let alone thrive. It also shows that ocean acidification can react together with ocean warming so that animals such as crabs have a reduced range of temperatures they can thrive in.
Manual on Stream Gauging, Vol. I: Fieldwork
The Manual on Stream Gauging (WMO No. 519) was first released in 1980. Since then, however, there have been significant advances both in the approach and the methodologies employed.
Consequently, at its twelfth session (Geneva, October 2004), the WMO Commission for Hydrology (CHy) decided to meet the identified needs of the National Hydrological Services by revising the Manual to include the newer technologies that have been introduced over the period and are currently employed in this crucial field.
In this context, Volume I of the Manual on Stream Gauging encompasses the topics ...
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DBCP Technical Document, 38. Annual report for 2009
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DBCP Technical Document, 36. Presentations at the DBCP Scientific and Technical Workshop
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2010
DBCP Technical Document, 15. Global Drifting Buoy Observations: a DBCP Implementation Strategy
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2010
The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in northern Africa
This assessment is the first overview of the conservation status of 877 northern African freshwater species belonging to five taxonomic groups—fish, molluscs, dragonflies and damselflies, freshwater crabs and aquatic plants—in accordance with the IUCN regional Red List guidelines. Species at risk of regional extinction are mapped and conservation measures are proposed to reduce the probability of future declines.
Streamflow Routing: International Edition
Streamflow routing provides a set of methods for describing and predicting the movement of water from one point to another along a river. Typically, this process involves predicting the shape of a hydrograph downstream from a particular location in a channel, reservoir, or lake. This first requires an understanding of the basic flow regimes and how water is stored and released within a channel. From there, information and calculations based on flow and channel bed characteristics are implemented in hydrologic routing methods, which are storage-based, and hydraulic routing methods, which utiliz ...
Runoff Processes: International Edition
The Runoff Processes module offers a thorough introduction to the runoff processes critical for flood and water supply prediction. This module explains key terminology and concepts including the following: types of runoff, paths through which water becomes runoff, basin and soil properties that influence runoff, and numerical runoff modeling. Examples of popular runoff models are also discussed.
Unit Hydrograph Theory: International Edition
The role of unit hydrograph theory in the flood prediction process is to provide an estimate of streamflow that results from a given amount precipitation. A unit hydrograph shows the temporal change in flow, or discharge, per excess unit of precipitation runoff. This module offers a thorough introduction to the use of unit hydrographs and the application of unit hydrograph theory in flood prediction. Key terminology and assumptions, the process of creating a unit hydrograph and application of unit hydrograph theory to forecast situations are all explored through comprehensive animations and in ...
Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, Chapter 8: Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclones are the deadliest tropical weather systems. This chapter describes their seasonal and geographic variability and controls, decadal cycles, and history of naming conventions. Tropical cyclogenesis is explored in depth and the core and balance solutions for regions of the cyclone are examined. Intensity is considered in terms of inner-core dynamics, large-scale environmental controls, limits on potential intensity, satellite interpretation techniques, and classification by wind speed. Factors that influence motion are investigated. Extratropical transition is described in terms ...
Fog: Its Processes and Impacts to Aviation and Aviation Forecasting
This module first introduces forecasters to aviation-forecast customers and their needs, and discusses how fog impacts aviation operations. The main content of the module then explains the physical processes and life cycle of radiation and advection fog, including their preconditioning environment, initiation, growth, and dissipation. The processes covered in the module include radiation (both solar and longwave), soil-atmosphere thermal interactions, turbulent mixing, the roles of condensation nuclei, and droplet settling. Each section of the module includes a set of interactive questions bas ...
Tsunamis
This lesson introduces the science of tsunamis: their causes, initiation process, properties, propagation, inundation, and long-term effects. Through numerous animations, historical images, video, and interactive exercises, learners discover the ways tsunamis interact with and affect the world. The lesson is intended for Weather Forecast Office staff — particularly National Weather Service Warning Coordination Meteorologists — who desire a better understanding of tsunamis in their role as issuers of tsunami warning-related messages. But it will also benefit anyone wanting to learn more about h ...
Tsunami Warning Systems
Tsunami Warning Systems describes the processes involved in anticipating, detecting, and warning for a tsunami by summarizing data collection, modeling, analysis, and alert procedures used at NOAA's Tsunami Warning Centers. A simulated event and past tsunami occurrences are used to highlight warning system processes for determining the tsunami threat based on seismic and sea level data and tsunami forecast models. Message communication and local response are also addressed as final components of any warning system. The module is intended for Weather Forecast Office staff and emergency managers ...
Flood Frequency Analysis: International Edition
Flood frequency analysis uses historical flow records to both estimate the frequency with which floods of a certain magnitude may occur and predict the possible flood magnitude over a certain time period. This module offers a thorough introduction to appropriately constructing the necessary historical data series, calculating the flooding probabilities, and gauging the reliability of the resulting probability values. Methods for assessing flood frequency in basins with limited data are also discussed.
Distributed Hydrologic Models for Flow Forecasts - Part 2
Distributed Hydrologic Models for Flow Forecasts Part 2 is the second release in a two-part series focused on the science of distributed models and their applicability to different flow forecasting situations. Presented by Dr. Dennis Johnson, the module provides a more detailed look at the processes and mechanisms involved in distributed hydrologic models. It examines the rainfall/runoff component, snowmelt, overland flow routing, and channel response in a basin as represented in a distributed model. Calibration issues and situations in which distributed hydrologic models might be most appropr ...
River Ice Processes - Short Version
This module provides information on flooding associated with river ice jams. Based on a presentation by Dr. Kate White, a nationally-recognized expert on river ice, this webcast explores basic river ice processes including the formation, growth, breakup, and transport of river ice and how it can become jammed, triggering floods. This shorter version of the previously published module "River Ice Processes", has less focus on the US National Weather Service, making it more broadly applicable, including to an international audience.
Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, Chapter 4: Tropical Variability
This chapter presents an overview of the major cycles dominating intraseasonal and interannual variability in the tropics. Characteristic atmospheric and oceanic patterns for each oscillation are presented and methods for tracking the evolution of these cycles are described. Observations and conceptual models of equatorial waves are presented. Classical solutions for equatorial waves are outlined and the effects of moisture on the expression of these waves are discussed. Since the tropics are not an isolated region of the globe, the impacts of these cycles on higher latitudes are also explored ...
Introduction to Ocean Acoustics
This module explores ocean acoustics, focusing on the propagation and detection of sound in the marine environment. Sound propagation strongly depends on refraction caused by variations in sound speed, and reflection off the seafloor and sea surface. Detection of sound subsequently depends on its propagation path, background noise from human and natural sources, and the sensors used for detection.
Community Hurricane Preparedness, 2nd Edition
The purpose of this course is to provide emergency managers who face threats from tropical cyclones and hurricanes with basic information about: How tropical cyclones form The hazards they pose How the NWS forecasts future hurricane behavior What tools and guiding principles can help emergency managers prepare their communities The course is not intended to take the place of courses sponsored by FEMA, the National Hurricane Center, and/or state agencies. However, it will provide a good background for those who either plan to attend those courses or cannot attend them. The original module was p ...
Introduction to Hydrography
This module describes hydrography pertaining to nautical charting and navigation. It covers how nautical charts are created, who creates them, the products available, and how to find and use them.
Hurricane Strike!™
Designed primarily for middle school students and funded by FEMA and the NWS, this module creates a scenario to frame learning activities that focus on hurricane science and safety. Versions are also available for hearing, motor, and visually impaired students, as well as Spanish-speaking students. Over the course of seven days, Hurricane Erin forms in the Atlantic Ocean, crosses the Florida peninsula, and then makes another landfall at Fort Walton Beach. During these days, the learner is introduced to many basic concepts of atmospheric science, climate, and geography, while also learning some ...
Understanding the Hydrologic Cycle: International Edition
This module helps students gain a basic understanding of the elements of the hydrologic cycle. The hydrologic cycle is the continuous movement and phase change of liquid water, ice, and water vapor above, on, under and through the earth's surface. This module examines the basic concepts of the hydrologic cycle including water distribution, atmospheric water, surface water, groundwater, and snowpack/snowmelt.
Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition, Chapter 5: The Distribution of Moisture and Precipitation
Moisture and precipitation distribution governs life in the tropics. Surplus heating and rising motion in the tropics ignites the global water and energy cycles and influences weather in the midlatitudes. This chapter presents the horizontal and vertical distribution of water vapor, tropical cloud formation and distribution, the lifecycle and precipitation characteristics of tropical mesoscale convective systems, and the variability of tropical precipitation on yearly, seasonal, and hourly time-scales.
A Forecaster's Overview of the Northwest Pacific
This module provides an introduction to the northwest Pacific for weather forecasters. It touches on major aspects of the geography, oceanography, and climatology. Geography looks at plate tectonics, topography, and human population. Oceanography examines ocean currents, coastal tidal ranges, and sea ice distribution. Climatology briefly discusses jets streams, distribution of synoptic features, storm tracks of tropical and extratropical cyclones, the fronts, and sensible weather associated with the Northeast and Southwest Monsoons.
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JCOMM Technical Report, 52. Eleventh International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting and Second Coastal Hazard Symposium
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2010 (WMO/TD-No. 1533)
JCOMM Technical Report, 51. Ship Observations Team (SOT) annual report for 2009
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2010 (WMO/TD-No. 1525)
JCOMM Technical Report, 04. The Voluntary Observing Ships Scheme, a Framework Document
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2010Ships of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) scheme have always been an important component of the global observing system of the WMO, providing meteorological and oceanographic data essential to operational meteorology, maritime safety services, and a range of marine climatological applications. More recently, it has become clear that their observations can also be of critical importance to global climate studies.
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Proceedings of the OceanObs'09 Conference - Ocean information for society : sustaining the benefits, realizing the potential
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; European Space Agency (ESA); European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); et al. - ESA Publications Division, 2010Vol. 1: Plenary papers;
Vol. 2.1: Community white papers;
Vol. 2.2: Community white papers (part 2);
Verification of the TIGGE and WRF Models in forecasting the precipitation event for 3rd February 2010 over Zambia
Nkonde Edson - NOAA, 2010In this case study, attempt was made to verify the performances of the TIGGE and WRF models in simulating rainfall over southern Africa for the period from 1st November 2009 to 10th February 2010, with 24 and 48 hrs lead time. We have tested the skills of the models in forecasting heavy rainfall event, in excess of 40mm per day. Special emphasis was given to rainfall event that occurred on the 3rd of February 2010 over Zambia. The associated atmospheric conditions prior and during the rainfall event were also analyzed, both in analysis and forecasted fields.
Over Southern Africa, all th ...
WMO Statement on the scientific basis for, and limitations of, river discharge and stage forecasting
WMO, 2010This statement was prepared by participants of the 13 th session of the WMO Commission for Hydrology to provide a perspective on the current state of hydrological forecasting. The intent is to provide an overview and summarize factors affecting forecast accuracy and lead-time that reflect the priorities of the Commission in strengthening hydrological forecasting.
GCOS, 141. Summary Report of the Twelfth Session of the GTOS/GCOS Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC): final report
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Council for Science (ICSU); et al. - WMO, 2010 (WMO/TD-No. 1528)
JCOMM Technical Report, 23. SIGRID-3 :a vector archive format for sea ice charts
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Ice Charting Working Group's Ad Hoc Format Team for the WMO Global Digital Sea Ice Data Bank Project - WMO, 2010 (revised edition; WMO/TD-No. 1214)This document describes the SIGRID-3 format so that it may be understood by a variety of users and implemented by chart-producing ice centers or services. SIGRID-3 evolved from earlier SIGRID formats and incorporates much of their content (see Appendix 1 for notes on earlier SIGRID formats and their application in SIGRID-3). For example, SIGRID variable identifiers such as “CT” for total concentration are used in SIGRID-3. While all SIGRID variable identifiers may be used in SIGRID-3, those that are commonly used are required, such as concentration, stage of development, and form. Users famili ...
Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) - Third session : Abridged final report with resolutions and recommendations
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2010 (WMO-No. 1049)
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Climate change, hydroconflicts and human security : achievements of and gaps in current policies
CLICO, 2010In contrast with the ubiquitousness of the headlines, empirically‐based research on the relationship between climate change, resource scarcity and conflict is often absent. The new EU project “Climate Change, Hydro‐conflicts and Human Security” (CLICO) will address this research gap. This policy brief presents CLICO’s research agenda regarding policy responses to climate change‐induced hydro‐conflicts. This policy brief is the first in a series of briefs presenting results of the CLICO project, which is funded by the 7th EU Framework Programme.
Nile issues: small streams from the Nile Basin Research Programme
The Nile Basin Research Programme (NBRP), as a strategic, multidisciplinary programme for research and higher education on topics related to the Nile Basin, has had the overall aim to enhance and promote quality research on Nile-related issues and to support research collaboration between institutions in the Nile Basin region.
This book presents some of the results from the NBRP. The Nile Basin region faces huge challenges in the future. The ways the Nile issues are solved will have enduring consequences for the development of the region.
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IUCN/NRDC Workshop to Identify Areas of Ecological and Biological Significance or Vulnerability in the Arctic Marine Environment : Workshop Report
Human activity is expanding in the Arctic marine environment, in part due to warming ocean temperatures and the dramatic loss of summer sea ice. New and expanding human uses include fishing, shipping and offshore oil and gas development. All have the potential to place major additional stress on ocean ecosystems which are already undergoing profound change related to warming, sea ice loss, and alterations in ocean chemistry.
Because activities conducted in one nation's waters can affect other parts of the region, effective management of some human uses in the Arctic marine environmen ...
Global sea-level rise update
Sea level is higher now and is rising much more rapidly than at any other time in the past 3 000 years. We know that sea level will continue to rise for many centuries, even after global temperatures are stabilized, as it takes that long for the ocean and ice sheets to respond fully to a warmer climate. Unchecked global warming is likely to raise sea level by several metres in coming centuries, leading to the loss of many coastal cities and entire island states. This longer-term threat is already being exacerbated by increased frequency of short-term extreme sea levels due to the superposition ...
Soil - SOER 2010 thematic assessment
European Commission, 2010Nearly all of the food and fibres used by humans are produced on soil. Soil is also essential for water and ecosystem health. It is second only to the oceans as a global carbon sink, with an important role in the potential slowing of climate change. Soil functions depend on a multitude of soil organisms which makes it an important part of our biodiversity. Nevertheless, soil in many parts of Europe is being over-exploited, degraded and irreversibly lost due to impacts from industrial activities and land use change, leading to soil sealing, contamination, erosion and loss of organic carbon. Due ...
Why monitor the Arctic Ocean? Services to society from a sustained ocean observing system
Bates Peter; Alverson Keith; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - UNESCO, 2010Never has accurate information been more important, yet at
present we know very little about the Arctic Ocean. Critical physical processes are poorly understood, ecosystems remain unstudied and undiscovered, and indigenous voices go unheard. This lack of knowledge thwarts efforts to detect, predict or manage the interrelated physical, biological and social impacts of climate change, making sustainable development almost impossible. A coordinated observing system must therefore be
created for the Arctic Ocean and its coasts, to provide baseline data and ensure sustained monitor ...
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Water scenarios for the Zambezi River Basin, 2000-2050
This paper suggests that there are many development possibilities in Zambezi river basin (ZRB), considering the very low current level of consumptive water use there.
Ocean acidification : questions answered
Laffoley, D. d'A.; Baxter J.M.; European Project on Ocean Acidification ; et al. - European Commission, 2010In this guide we do four new things. We answer some key questions many people are now asking about ocean acidification. We say how sure the international scientific community is about what is already happening to the ocean, we discuss what the future may hold for the ocean in a high carbon
dioxide (CO2) world, and we explore the consequences for all of us of what is now happening.
Questions Answered follows on from the highly successful multilingual guide called Ocean Acidification: The Facts, which was launched in winter 2009 at the UN climate change conference at Copenhagen. Q ...
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Ocean fertilization : a scientific summary for policy makers
The publication, commissioned by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and prepared with the assistance of the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), summarizes activities and issues surrounding the use of ocean fertilization as deliberate interventions in the Earth's climate system that might moderate global warming.
The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya
IUCN, 2010Biodiversity within inland water ecosystems in the Eastern Himalaya region is both highly diverse and of great regional importance to livelihoods and economies. However, development activities are not always compatible with the conservation of this diversity, and the ecosystem requirements of biodiversity are frequently not considered in the development planning process. One of the main reasons cited for inadequate representation of biodiversity is a lack of readily available information on the status and distribution of inland water taxa. In response to this need for information, the IUCN Spe ...
Global Ocean Protection : present Status and Future Possibilities
IUCN, 2010This publication provides a much needed and timely tool to assist in the collective effort to find new and better solutions to address the various threats to the marine biological diversity and productivity. It provides evidence-based recommendations on improving and accelerating actions on delivering ocean protection and management through marine protected areas and facilitates the sharing of experiences and lessons learned.
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UNDP’s Work in Environment and Sustainable Development : Accelerating Progress Towards the Millennium Developm ent Goals
UNDP, 2010This report report presents an overview of the UNDP's work on environment and energy and how such efforts are helping to accelerate achievement of the MDGs. It aims to demonstrate the importance of environment and energy across multiple MDGs; share experiences as contribution to the MDG Review Summit; and to highlight some of the ways in which the UNDP is equipped to offer support.
One planet, Many people. Africa Water Atlas
UNEP, 2010This Atlas is a visual account of Africa's endowment and use of water resources, revealed through 224 maps and 104 satellite images as well as some 500 graphics and hundreds of compelling photos. However the Atlas is more than a collection of static maps and images accompanied by informative facts and figures: its visual elements vividly illustrate a succinct narrative describing and analyzing Africa's water issues and exemplifying them through the judicious use of case studies. It gathers information about water in Africa and its role in the economy and development, health, food security, tra ...
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Manual on Stream Gauging
The Manual on Stream Gauging (WMO No. 519) was first released in 1980. Since then, however, there have been significant advances both in the approach and the methodologies employed.
Consequently, at its twelfth session (Geneva, October 2004), the WMO Commission for Hydrology (CHy) decided to meet the identified needs of the National Hydrological Services by revising the Manual to include the newer technologies that have been introduced over the period and are currently employed in this crucial field.
In this context, Volume I of the Manual on Stream Gauging encompasses the topics ...
Manual on Stream Gauging, Vol. II: Computation of discharge
The Manual on Stream Gauging (WMO No. 519) was first released in 1980. Since then, however, there have been significant advances both in the approach and the methodologies employed.
Consequently, at its twelfth session (Geneva, October 2004), the WMO Commission for Hydrology (CHy) decided to meet the identified needs of the National Hydrological Services by revising the Manual to include the newer technologies that have been introduced over the period and are currently employed in this crucial field.
In this context, Volume I of the Manual on Stream Gauging encompasses the topics ...
JCOMM Technical Report, 53. The WMO-IOC Network of Regional Marine Instrument Centres (RMICS) : revision 1
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2010 (WMO/TD-No. 1564)
JCOMM Technical Report, 05. The Voluntary Observing Ships Scheme – A Framework Document : revision 2
اللجنة الفنية المشتركة بين المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية واللجنة الدولية الحكومية لعلوم المحيطات والمعنية بعلوم المحيطات والأرصاد الجوية البحرية-الدورة الثالثة
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد ; اللجنة الدولية الحكومية لعلوم المحيطات والمعنية بعلوم المحيطات والأرصاد الجوية البحرية - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد, 2010 (مجموعة مطبوعات المنظمة-No. 1049)
Commission technique mixte OMM/COI d'océanographie et de météorologie maritime (CMOM) - Troisième session
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Commission Océanographique Intergouvernementale (COI) - OMM, 2010 (OMM-No. 1049)
Comisión Técnica Mixta OMM/COI sobre Oceanografía y Meteorología Marina (CMOMM) - Tercera reunión
Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM); Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental (COI) - OMM, 2010 (OMM-No. 1049)
阐明要点
Laffoley, D. d'A.; Baxter J.M.; European Project on Ocean Acidification ; et al. - European Commission, 2010本指南主要包括四方面的新内容: 解答人们提出的有关海洋酸化的关键问题；谈谈国际 科学界对海洋已经发生变化的观点；探讨在CO2 浓度升高的地球上，未来海洋的变化 趋势；探讨目前正在发生的一切可能对人类带来什么样的后果。
《海洋酸化：问题解答》是继2009年冬天哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会上成功发布的多 语版《海洋酸化的事实》之后的第二本指南，这本指南将提供更具技术性的解答，推 进科学理念。
جعلها أوضح
Laffoley, D. d'A.; Baxter J.M.; European Project on Ocean Acidification ; et al. - European Commission, 2010فى هذا الدليل قمنا بعمل أربعة أمور جديدة، حيث قمنا بالإجابة عن بعض الأسئلة المهمة التي يسألها العديد من الناس حول تحمّض المحيطات، نحن نتحدث عن تأكد المجتمع العلمي الدولي حول ما يحدث للمحيطات، ونناقش ما يحمل المستقبل للمحيطات مع ارتفاع ثاني أكسيد الكربون )) CO2 في العالم، ونستكشف عواقب ما يحدث الآن.
الأسئلة والإجابات يسير على خطى ناجحة للغاية للدليل متعدد اللغات الذى يسمى “تحمّض المحيطات الحقائق” ، والذى تم إطلاقه فى في شتاء 2009 في مؤتمر الامم المتحدة للتغير المناخي في كوبنهاغن دليل الأسئلة والإجابات حتما ذو طبيعة تقنية أكثر من الدليل السابق “الحقائق” حيث أنه يستند على العلم والسبب المن ...
Для чего необходим мониторинг северного Ледовитого океана?
Bates Peter; Alverson Keith; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - UNESCO, 2010
Pourquoi surveiller l'océan Arctique? Services fournis à la société par un système permanent d'observation de l'océan
Bates Peter; Alverson Keith; Commission Océanographique Intergouvernementale (COI); et al. - UNESCO, 2010Jamais l’exactitude de l’information n’a été plus importante
qu’aujourd’hui et pourtant, nous savons encore très peu de choses sur l’océan Arctique. Certains processus physiques essentiels sont mal connus, des écosystèmes ne sont pas étudiés– ou pas découverts – et les voix autochtones demeurent ignorées. Ce manque de connaissances nuit aux initiatives visant à identifier, prédire ou gérer les conséquences physiques, biologiques et sociales – qui sont liées entre elles– du changement climatique, ce qui rend le développement
durable pratiquement impossible. Il est donc nécessair ...
Acidificación oceánica : preguntas y respuestas
Laffoley, D. d'A.; Baxter J.M.; European Project on Ocean Acidification ; et al. - Comisión Europea, 2010En esta guía se tratan cuatro aspectos fundamentales. Se contestan algunas de las preguntas clave que la gente se formula sobre la acidificación oceánica. Se aclara el grado de certeza de la comunidad científica
sobre los cambios que están ocurriendo en los océanos. Se discute qué le depara el futuro al océano en un mundo con altos niveles de dióxido de carbono (CO2) y, finalmente, se exploran cuáles son las consecuencias de este fenómeno para todos nosotros.
Preguntas y Respuestas es un manual que se inspira en la guía multilingüe Acidificación Oceánica: Los Hechos, publicada e ...
L'acidification des océans : questions [et] réponses
Laffoley, D. d'A.; Baxter J.M.; European Project on Ocean Acidification ; et al. - Commission Européenne, 2010Dans ce guide, quatre objectifs sont poursuivis. Nous répondons à des questions clés que le public se pose à propos de l’acidification des océans. Nous exprimons les certitudes de la communauté scientifique internationale quant à ce qui est en train de se passer dans les océans. Nous discutons de ce que sera l’avenir des océans dans un monde riche en dioxyde de carbone (CO2), et nous explorons les conséquences de nos actions.
Questions-Réponses est la suite d’un autre guide publié en plusieurs langues qui a connu un franc succès L’acidification des Océans: Les Faits et qui a été lancé a ...
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Volume 23, Number 1 - January 2009 - Special review issue: Hydrologic effects of a shrinking cryosphere
is an issue of Hydrological Processes. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009
Guide to Hydrological Practices, Volume II : Management of Water Resources and Applications of Hydrological Practices
This comprehensive guide provides practicing hydrologists with handy access to state-of-the-art and reliable information on hydrological practices, from simple discharge measurement to modeling complex hydrological systems. It was first published in 1965 and has been regularly updated since to reflect the evolving needs of, and practices employed by, the National Hydrological Services and other professionals working in water related fields.
Руководство по гидрологической практике: Том II - Управление водными ресурсами и практика применения гидрологических методов
Цель Руководства по гидрологической практике состоит в предоставлении соответствующей информации для всех экспертов, работающих в области гидрологии, о существующих правилах, процедурах и оборудова- нии, необходимых для обеспечения их успешной дея- тельности. Полное изложение теоретических основ и всего спектра применений гидрологических методов и оборудования выходит за рамки основных задач нас- тоящего Руководства. Однако в соответствующих слу- чаях даются ссылки на необходимую литературу. Более детализированные процедуры мониторинга гидроло- гических параметров рассматриваются в с ...
Guía de prácticas hidrológicas Volumen II: Gestión de recursos hídricos y aplicación de prácticas hidrológicas
La Guia de practicas hidrologicas tiene por objeto aportar informacion sobre las practicas, procedimientos e instrumentos actualmente utilizados a quienes se dedican a la hidrologia.
Esperamos que la presente Guia sea util no solo a los SHN de los Miembros de la OMM, sino tambien a otras partes interesadas y organismos que participan en la gestion de los recursos hidricos y, en particular, en el seguimiento y evaluaction de tales recursos.
Blue Carbon : The Role of Healthy Oceans in Binding Carbon
This report explores the potential for mitigating the impacts of climate change by improved management and protection of marine ecosystems and especially the vegetated coastal habitat, or blue carbon sinks. The objective of this report is to highlight the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems in maintaining our climate and in assisting policy makers to mainstream an oceans agenda into national and international climate change initiatives. While emissions’ reductions are currently at the centre of the climate change discussions, the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems ha ...
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DBCP Technical Document, 35. Annual Report for 2008
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DBCP Technical Document, 34. Presentations made at the DBCP scientific and technical workshop
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2009
Mesoscale Ocean Circulation Models
This module examines mesoscale ocean circulation models and features and processes that they predict. These models simulate temperature, salinity, currents, and elevation in 3 dimensions through a period of time. They have sufficient resolution to simulate features like fronts, eddies, upwelling, and internal tides. In this module, we examine current operational models, limitations to model forecasts, examples of predicted ocean features, and potential applications.
Influence of Model Physics on NWP Forecasts - version 2
This module, part of the "NWP Training Series: Effective Use of NWP in the Forecast Process", describes model parameterizations of surface, PBL, and free atmospheric processes, such as surface snow processes, soil thermal and moisture processes, surface vegetation effects such as evapotranspiration, radiative processes involving clouds and trace gases, and turbulent processes in the PBL and free atmosphere. It specifically addresses how models treat these processes, how such processes can potentially interact with each other, and how they can influence forecasts of sensible weather elements. B ...
Jason-2: Using Satellite Altimetry to Monitor the Ocean
Altimeters onboard satellites such as Jason-2 measure sea surface height and other characteristics of the ocean surface. These characteristics are linked to underlying processes and structures, making altimetry data useful for understanding the full depth of the global ocean. This 75-minute module explores major discoveries made possible by altimetry data in oceanography, marine meteorology, the marine geosciences, climate studies, the cryosphere, and hydrology. For example, altimeters have played a vital role in detecting and monitoring sea level rise and its relation to climate change. The m ...
Distributed Hydrologic Models for Flow Forecasts - Part 1
Distributed Hydrologic Models for Flow Forecasts – Part 1 provides a basic description of distributed hydrologic models and how they work. This module is the first in a two-part series focused on the science of distributed models and their applicability in different situations. Presented by Dr. Dennis Johnson, the module begins with a review of hydrologic models, and then examines the differences between lumped and distributed models. It explains how lumped models may be distributed by subdividing the basin and suggests when distributed hydrologic models are most appropriate. Other topics cove ...
S-290 Unit 7: Wind Systems
S-290 Unit 7: Wind Systems outlines general and local winds and their processes. Detailed information is provided about critical fire weather winds, including frontal winds, foehn winds, and thunderstorm winds and the effects of these winds on wildland fires. The module also describes topographic influences on winds, and provides guidelines for estimating winds based on location and fuel sheltering. The module is part of the Intermediate Wildland Fire Behavior Course.
Nearshore Wave Modeling
Ocean waves near shore impact public safety, commerce, navigation, and, of course recreation. Predicting these waves has driven efforts to model them for more than two decades. This module introduces forecasters to different nearshore wave models, including phase-resolving and 1- and 2-dimensional spectral models. It describes the processes that wave models simulate, the assumptions they make, the initial and boundary conditions required to run the models, and potential sources of error in model forecasts. While focusing on SWAN, the module also examines the Navy Standard surf Model and Bouss- ...
JCOMM Technical Report, 46. Ship Observations Team (SOT), annual report for 2008
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2009 (WMO/TD-No. 1459)
JCOMM Technical Report, 45. Proceedings of CLIMAR III - Third JCOMM Workshop on Advances in Marine Climatology
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2009 (WMO/TD-No. 1445)
Guide des pratiques hydrologiques, volume II - Gestion des ressources en eau et application des pratiques hydrologiques
Le Guide des pratiques hydrologiques a pour but de fournir a tous ceux qui travaillent dans le domaine de l’hydrologie, les informations pertinentes sur les pratiques, procédures et instruments actuels, leur permettant ainsi d’effectuer leur travail avec plus de succès. On espère que le présent ouvrage soit utile non seulement aux Services nationaux des Membres mais aussi aux divers autres intervenants et organismes impliqués dans la gestion des ressources en eau en général, et en particulier dans le suivi et l’estimation de ces ressources.
GCOS, 133. Summary Report of the Eleventh Session of the GTOS/GCOS Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC): final report
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Council for Science (ICSU); et al. - WMO, 2009 (WMO/TD-No. 1498)
Pollution in the open oceans: a review of assessments and related studies
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - GESAMP, 2009
Regional climate change and adaptation : the Alps facing the challenge of changing water resources
EEA, 2009Drawing on the most recent knowledge of climate change impacts in the Alps and experiences across the region, this report analyses the risks that climate change presents to the region's water supply and quality, identifying needs, constraints, opportunities, policy levers and options for adaptation. It extracts policy guidance on adaptation practice and aims to assist regional and local stakeholders in developing robust adaptation strategies. The focus of the report is on water resources and related adaptation, rather than water-related extreme events like floods, avalanches, landslides or mud ...
Water in a Changing World (WWDR-3) : the 3rd United Nations World Water Development Report
UNESCO, 2009
World Water Development Report (WWDR)
The triennial World Water Development Report (WWDR) is the United Nations System flagship report on water, a comprehensive review of the state of the world’s freshwater resources. The Reports provide a mechanism for monitoring changes in freshwater resources and their management and tracking progress towards achieving targets, particularly those of the Millennium Development Goals and the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The Reports also offer best practices and in-depth theoretical analyses to help stimulate ideas and actio ...
Children's perception of the environment : a teacher's toolkit for investigating coastal and marine ecosystems in Asia
IUCN, 2009The goal of this toolkit is to help promote environmental stewardship and increase awareness of marine and coastal ecosystems among schoolchildren in Asia through the use of creative, investigative approaches. Investigative approaches allow schools to make the local environment relevant and interesting to children in coastal communities and help to reinforce the need for wise and sustainable management of our coastal and marine resources. These activities can contribute to strategies that promote interactions and understanding between coastal resource managers and local communities, which is e ...
Manual on estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)
The manual describes procedure for estimating the maximum probable precipitation and the maximum probable flood. This is the third revised version.
The first and second editions of this manual were published in 1973 and 1986, respectively. The current edition keeps a majority of the content from the second edition. Newly added content in this third edition primarily results from experiences, since 1986, in directly estimating PMP for the requirements of a given project in a design watershed on probable maximum flood (PMF) in China, the United States of America, Australia and India.
JCOMM Technical Report, 49. Second Ice Analysts Workshop
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2009 (WMO/TD-No. 1517)
GCOS, 135. Report of the 4th GTN-H Coordination Panel Meeting
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - WMO, 2009 (WMO/TD-No. 1511)
Vol. 57 (3) - July 2008 - Hydrology for water management
This issue of the Bulletin commemorates the establishment of WMO's Commission for Hydrology (CHy) 50 years ago, whose ultimate goal is to promote the effective use of hydrology by assisting National Hydrological Services to delivery of their services. The initial and final articles are dedicated to CHY's history and future, while the core articles analyse the current situation in water resources management from different perspectives.
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N°44 (Vol. 13, No. 1) - January 2008 - Furthering the science of ocean climate modelling
is an issue of Exchanges. International CLIVAR Project Office, 2008
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