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رقم 9 | 6 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 2013 - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة بغازات الدفيئة
توفر هذه هي النشرة التاسعة من سلسلة النشرات السنوية المتعلقة بغازات الدفيئة والتي يصدرها برنامج المراقبة العالمية للغلاف الجوية ) )GAW التابع للمنظمة ) WMO ( معلومات حول وفرة أهم غازات الدفيئة الطويلة الأمد ) LLGHGs ( في الغلاف الجوي، ومعدلات تغيرها، وهي ثاني أكسيد الكربون، والميثان، وأكسيد النيتروز، كما تقدم ملخصاً يتناول مساهمات الغازات الأخرى. وتسهم هذه الغازات الثلاثة، إلى جانب الكلوروفلوروكربون ) CFC-12 (، والكلوروفلوروكربون ) )CFC-11 بنسبة 96 ٪ ] 4[ تقريباً من التأثير الإشعاعي القسري الناجم عن غازات الدفيئة ) LLGHGs.
WMO 温室气体公报 - 第9号，2013年11月6日: 基于2012年全球观测的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2013第九期WMO/GAW年度温室气体公报公布了最重要的 长生命期温室气体(LLGHG)(二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮)的 大气含量和变化速率，并提供了其它气体的贡献概况。这三种气体以及CFC-12和CFC-11共约占长生命期温室气体所造 成辐射强迫的96%.
№ 9, ноября 2012 г. - Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам
BMO, 2013В этом девятом ежегодном бюллетене ГСА/ВМО по парниковым газам сообщается о концентрациях в атмосфере и темпах изме- нения важнейших долгоживущих парниковых газов (ДПГ) — двуокиси углерода, метана, закиси азота, а также приводится краткая информация о вкладах других газов. На эти три газа, наряду с ХФУ-12 и ХФУ-11, приходится приблизительно 96 %[4] радиационного воздействия, обусловленного ДПГ.
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°9: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2012
En este noveno boletín anual sobre los gases de efecto invernadero de la VAG de la OMM se informa acerca de la carga atmosférica y los índices de evolución de los principales gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración (CO2, CH4, N2O) y se resumen las contribuciones de otros gases. Esos tres gases junto con el CFC-12 y el CFC-11 contribuyen aproximadamente a un 96%[4] del forzamiento radiativo debido a los gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración.
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre. N°9: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2012
Le présent bulletin, le neuvième d’une série de bulletins sur les gaz à effet de serre publiés chaque année par l’OMM dans le cadre du Programme de la VAG, rend compte de l’évolution de la concentration atmosphérique des principaux gaz à effet de serre persistants (dioxyde de carbone, méthane, protoxyde d'azote) et présente un récapitulatif de la contribution des autres gaz. Avec les CFC-11 et CFC-12, ces trois gaz sont responsables de 96 %[4] environ du forçage radiatif induit par les gaz à effet de serre persistants.66 - February 2012 - A method for estimating the sea-air CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean
is an issue of 気象研究所技術報告. Meteorological Research Institute, 2012In this technical report, we describe a newly developed method for evaluating monthly fields of oceanic pCO2 and the subsequent temporal variations of the sea-air CO2 flux over extensive regions of the North and South Pacific by using synthesized observational data. The application of this method is expected to contribute to understanding of future changes in the ocean carbon sink and the ocean's role in controlling the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase.CAWCR technical report, 57. The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model Roadmap for 2012-2017
Law Rachel M.; Raupach Mickael R.; Abramowitz G. - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, 2012The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model describes landatmosphere exchanges of energy, carbon, water and momentum, together with related biogeochemical, vegetation-dynamic and disturbance processes. CABLE is coupled with several climate models including the UKMO Unified Model as part of ACCESS1.3, used in CAWCR for IPCC AR5 climate projections. CABLE is also a key part of the Australian contributions to two international projects: RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessments and Processes), and LUCID (Land Use Change, IDentification of robust impacts).Global and European climate response to transient forcings since 1870, as simulated in an atmospheric general circulation model
Bichet Adeline - ETH, 2012Predicting and adapting to climate change is one of the major challenges for the twenty-first century. To better understand the future changes in precipitation associated with climate change on the global and regional scale, this thesis investigates, for the past 140 years, the time-varying impact of the major climate forcings on precipitation. To do so, the global climate is simulated between 1870 and 2005 in a transient mode with the atmospheric general circulation model “ECHAM5- HAM”. The model is forced with observationally based time-varying sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the major ...Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2012„ - Tracking progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets
European Environment Agency (EEA) - EEA, 2012This report presents an overview of the progress achieved so far by the EU, its Member States and other EEA member countries towards their respective targets under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU burden-sharing agreement, as well as 2020 targets set at EU level. The assessment is based on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data in Europe for the period 2008…2011, including recent EEA estimates of proxy 2011 GHG emissions.
GAW Report, 203. The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Maritime Organization (IMO); Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); et al. - WMO, 2012The atmospheric input of chemicals to the ocean is closely related to a number of important global change issues. The increasing input of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen species to much of the ocean may cause a low level fertilization of the ocean that could result in an increase in marine 'new' productivity of up to ~3% and thus impact carbon drawdown from the atmosphere. However, the increase in nitrogen inputs are also likely to increase the formation of nitrous oxide in the ocean. The increased emission of this powerful greenhouse gas will partially offset the climate forcing impact res ...Tsunami Strike! Caribbean Edition
Tsunami Strike! Caribbean Edition offers an interactive learning experience in which learners take on the role of a journalist writing an article for a news magazine. Sixteen multimedia lessons on tsunami science, safety, and history are interwoven within the learning scenario as resources for the article. The material is aimed at middle school and high school students (ages 13-17) but will be useful to a broader audience wishing to learn more about tsunamis in general, and in particular about tsunami risks in the Caribbean.Introduction to Climate Models
This module explains how climate models work. Because the modeling of both weather and climate share many similarities, the content throughout this module draws frequent comparisons and highlights the differences. We explain not only how, but why climate models differ from weather models. To do so, we explore the difference between weather and climate, then show how models are built to simulate climate and generate the statistics that describe it. We conclude with a discussion of models are tuned and tested. Understanding how climate responds to changes in atmospheric composition and other fac ...National greenhouse gas inventory data for the period 1990–2010 : Note by the secretariat
All 42 Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties) submitted their greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory common reporting format (CRF) tables and national inventory reports (NIRs) in 2012. By the deadline of 15 April, 41 sets of CRF tables and 36 NIRs had been received. From 1990 to 2010, total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) for all Annex I Parties decreased by 8.9 per cent, and total GHG emissions/removals including LULUCF decreased by 14.6 per cent. For Annex I Parties with economies in transition ( ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - N°8: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2011
This eighth WMO/GAW Annual Bulletin reports on the atmospheric burdens and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-12 and CFC-11 – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These five major gases account for approximately 96%[4] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs.Multi-model climate change projections for India under representative concentration pathways: In Current Science, vol.103, issue 7 (10/10/2012)
Climate projections for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are made using the newly developed representative concentration pathways (RCPs) under the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5). This article provides multi-model and multi-scenario temperature and precipitation projections for India for the period 1860–2099 based on the new climate data. We find that CMIP5 ensemble mean climate is closer to observed climate than any individual model. The key findings of this study are: (i) under the business-asusual (between RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 ...![]()
The recent shift in early summer Arctic atmospheric circulation: in Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 39, L19804
The last six years (2007–2012) show a persistent change in early summer Arctic wind patterns relative to previous decades. The persistent pattern, which has been previously recognized as the Arctic Dipole (AD), is characterized by relatively low sea-level pressure over the Siberian Arctic with high pressure over the Beaufort Sea, extending across northern North America and over Greenland. Pressure differences peak in June. In a search for a proximate cause for the newly persistent AD pattern, we note that the composite 700 hPa geopotential height field during June 2007–2012 exhibits a positive ...Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2011 : Aggregated data reported by companies on the production, import and export of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the European Union — Summary
EEA, 2012Greenhouse gases covered by the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol include amongst others, three groups of fluorinated greenhouse gases (the so called 'F-gases'): hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). These F-gases typically have very long lifetimes in the atmosphere and high global warming potentials (GWPs).
The European Union Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases (the 'F-Gas Regulation') introduced a requirement for each producer, importer and exporter of more than one tonne of F-gases to report to the European Commission ...Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils
World Bank, 2012The purpose of this report is to improve the knowledge base for facilitating investments in land management technologies that sequester soil organic carbon. While there are many studies on soil carbon sequestration, there is no single unifying volume that synthesizes knowledge on the impact of different land management practices on soil carbon sequestration rates across the world. A meta-analysis was carried out to provide soil carbon sequestration rates in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This is one important element in decision-making for sustainable agricultural intensification, agro-ecosy ...
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المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة بغازات الدفيئة
