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Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Humidity
This lesson provides an overview of the science and techniques related to measuring humidity, or the amount of water vapor, in Earth's atmosphere. After beginning with a review of the units used for humidity, the learner will examine the three main types of hygrometers (material, thermodynamic, and optical) and explore instruments within each of these categories. The lesson provides information about the advantages and limitations of various humidity instruments. The effects of siting, sheltering, and ventilation on humidity measurements are also addressed. The lesson is part of the Instrument ...
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
This lesson provides information about current science and technologies for measuring atmosphere pressure. The lesson begins by reviewing the key physical laws governing atmospheric pressure, including Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. Then, it explores typical requirements and uncertainty parameters related to atmospheric pressure sensors and provides details about the components of pressure sensors, including fluidic, mechanical, and electronic transducers. The lesson is part of the Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Parameters course series.
GAW Report, 243. Report of the Fifth Erythemal UV Radiometers Intercomparison
This report presents the background information, procedures and results of the intercomparison of erythemal UV sensors carried out at the Central Observatory of Buenos Aires (OCBA) in 2018 against reference radiometers calibrated at the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) in Davos during 2017. In this way, the data obtained at the measurement sites will be standardized and will be comparable locally and globally. Twenty sensors were calibrated, belonging to Argentine monitoring and research institutions. The associated relative uncertainty of each sensor was also estimated.
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 14: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2017 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(1), рассчитанные на основании данных этой сети наблюдений in situ для двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O), достигли в 2017 году новых максимумов, причем для CO2 он составил 405,5 ± 0,1 млн−1(2), для CH4 — 1859 ± 2 млрд−1(3), а для N2O — 329,9 ± 0,1 млрд−1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 146 %, 257 % и 122 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (до 1750 года) уровням. Увеличение содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2016 по 2017 год был ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°14: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2017
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de la VAG de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie1) calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O), alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2017 al registrar 405,5 ± 0,1 ppm2) para el CO2, 1859 ± 2 ppb3) para el CH4 y 329,9 ± 0,1 ppb para el N2O, lo que representa, respectivamente, el 146 %, el 257 % y el 122 % de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). El aumento de CO2 de 2016 a 2017 fue inferior al observado d ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°14: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2017
La toute derniere analyse des donnees d’observation recueillies par le reseau in situ du Programme de la VAG de l’OMM revele qu’a l’echelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface1) du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du methane (CH4) et du protoxyde d’azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2017, s’etablissant respectivement a 405,5}0,1 ppm2), 1 859}2 ppb3) et 329,9}0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs representent respectivement 146 %, 257 % et 122 % des niveaux preindustriels (avant 1750). Le taux d’accroissement du CO2 entre 2016 et 2017 etait moins eleve qu’entre 2015 et 2016 et pratiquement egal a l ...
GAW Report, 242. 19th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2017)
The meeting reviewed current WMO data quality objectives, reference scales and observation strategies, including calibration, quality control, data management and archiving. Target species were carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon in greenhouse gas measurements. The workshop discussed in detail the harmonization and quality control of isotope measurements, the extension of the measurement network towards more polluted and urban areas, the use of low-cost sensors, and the collaboration of the scientific greenhouse gas and carbon cycle community with the me ...
GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 97. The magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the ocean
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - WMO, 2018The present global modelling study of the Nr atmospheric cycle and Nr deposition to the ocean is the first that evaluates past, present and future Nr atmospheric deposition accounting for ON primary sources as well as for secondary ON chemical formation as a N-dependent process. While the total Nr deposition to the ocean is not expected to change significantly by 2050, the relative importance of oxidized and reduced N is expected to change, with an increasing proportion of ammonium compared to nitrate, resulting from more efficient controls on terrestrial emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) com ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第14期: 基于2017年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2018对WMO GAW计划的观测资料进行的最新分析表明，利用该实地网络的资料计算出的二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的全球平均表面摩尔分数(1) 在2017年创下了新高，其中CO2为405.5 ± 0.1 ppm(2)、CH4为1859 ± 2 ppb(3)以及N2O为329.9 ± 0.1 ppb。这些数值分别是工业化前（1750年之前）水平的146%、257% 和122%。2016年至2017年的CO2增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。厄尔尼诺事件的影响在2015年和2016年达到峰值并推动了这一时期的增长率上升，但该事件在2017年的影响骤降。关于CH4，2016年至2017年的增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，但几乎等于过去十年的平均值。关于N2O，2016年至2017年的增幅高于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。NOAA年度温室气体指数（AGGI）[4]显示，从1990年至2017年，长寿命温室气体（LLGHG）辐射强迫增加了41%，其中CO2约占这一增幅的82%。
لمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2017
یتبین من أحدث تحلیل للرصدات من برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي ( GAW ) أن المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزیئیة( 1) المحسوب من ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ) والمیثان CH4) ) وأكسید النیتروز ( N2O ) قد بلغ مستویات مرتفعة جدیدة في عام 2017 ، بحیث بلغ المتوسط فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون 405.5 ± 0.1 جزء في الملیون( 2)، وفیما یتعلق بالمیثان 1859 ± 2 جزء في البلیون( 3)، وفیما یتعلق بأكسید النیتروز 329.9 ± 0.1 جزء في البلیون. وتشكل ھذه القیَم، على التوالي، 146 في المائة و 257 في المائة و 122 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (أي ما قبل عام 1750 ). وكانت الزیادة ...
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GCOS, 220. Report of the Tenth GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-10)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
Том 66(1) - 2017 г. - Новое издание Международного атласа облаков
Содержание
- Новое издание Международного атласа облаков。 2
- Понимать облака для того, чтобы предвидеть будущий климат。 8
- Изменения в засеве облаков по всему миру при активном воздействии на погоду。 12
- Эволюция науки о климате。 16
- Технический регламент ВМО Интервью с Димитаром Ивановым。 24
- Фотоочерк: лауреаты конкурса фотографий для календаря ВМО。 30
- Годовой глобальный углеродный бюджет。 34
- Интегрированная глобальная информационная система по парниковым газам (ИГИСПГ)。 38
- Европа, развитие климатического обслуживания ...
Vol. 66(1) - 2017 - New Edition of the International Cloud Atlas
is an issue of Bulletin. WMO, 2017
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.13: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2016
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO GAW Programme shows that globally averaged surface mole fractions(2) calculated from this in situ network for CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2016, with CO2 at 403.3 ± 0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1 853 ± 2 ppb(3) and N2O at 328.9 ± 0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 145%, 257% and 122% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The record increase of 3.3 ppm in CO2 from 2015 to 2016 was larger than the previous record increase, observed from 2012 to 2013, and the average growth rate over the last decade. The El Niño ...
GCOS, 207. 22nd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-22)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2017
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Severe Storms
In this webinar recording, Michael Bowlan explains how GOES-R/16 can help improve forecasts of severe storms and provide forecasters with real-time information about lightning, flooding potential and other hazards. The high-resolution Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) data can indicate whether thunderstorm updrafts are gathering strength or weakening, helping aid forecasters in making warning decisions. The ABI can also aid in identifying storms and convective complexes that have stalled or are “training”, which can signal a flood risk and help forecasters issue flood or flash flood warnings soon ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Tropical Cyclones
In this webinar recording, Andrea Schumacher demonstrates the GOES-R series' new capabilities for real-time tropical cyclone analysis and monitoring, which will contribute significantly to improved hurricane track and intensity forecasts. The GOES-16 imager will provide dramatic new views of tropical cyclone phenomena, offering vastly improved time and spatial resolution as well as color composite images to enhance cloud bands and other features. This webinar will also explore the role of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) in helping identify areas of strong thunderstorms associated with ...
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature
This lesson offers a comprehensive overview of temperature measurement as related to the atmosphere, bodies of water, soils, and other parts of Earth’s surface. The lesson begins by defining temperature and why it is an important property to characterize. It provides details about the properties and characteristics of sensors used for temperature measurements and the advantages and disadvantages of different sensors depending on the application. Lastly, the lesson outlines the methods used for measuring different types of temperature, from soil to the free atmosphere.
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Advanced Baseline Imager
In this webinar recording, Tim Schmit demonstrates the improved temporal, spatial, spectral and calibration attributes of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the GOES-R series. The main uses for each of the sixteen spectral bands will be covered, using examples from the recently launched GOES-16 ABI. Imagery and data loops for various types of atmospheric phenomena will be presented to illustrate the improved spectral capabilities and higher temporal and spatial resolution of the ABI. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instructor at his home institution. Audio variations may exist.
Foundations of Meteorological Instrumentation and Measurements
This lesson provides an introduction to the instrumentation used for meteorological measurements. Aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in meteorology and the atmospheric sciences, it examines the types of observing systems available to measure temperature, pressure, humidity, trace gases, clouds and aerosols, winds, precipitation, and radiation. Learners will explore the main components of an instrument and become acquainted with performance characteristics including types of errors. This introductory lesson provides a foundation for more detailed training focused on measurement of spe ...
Meteorological Instrument Performance Characteristics
This advanced lesson explores the performance characteristics of instrumentation used for meteorological measurements. Static performance characteristics are examined in the context of calibration, which offers a means to determine an instrument's response. Dynamic performance characteristics, including first and second order inputs, are discussed using three classic examples: step or impulse, ramp or time varying, and oscillatory inputs. The lesson provides information about the effects of representativeness and regional homogeneity on measurements, and also describes processes for obtaining ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Aviation Products
In this webinar recording, Amanda Terborg (with input from Dr. Chad Gravelle), will demonstrate the capabilities of GOES-R/16 in analyzing hazards affecting the aviation industry. The talk focuses specifically on four hazards (but there are others): 1) fog and low stratus, 2) in-flight turbulence, 3) dust, and 4) volcanic ash. Through the use of GOES-R/16 spectral bands, band differences, and RGB composites, satellite data users can detect the development and evolution of aviation threats better than with any previous geostationary satellites. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instruc ...
Met 101: Introduction to the Atmosphere
This lesson provides an overview of Earth’s atmosphere, its vertical structure, the fundamental forces acting on air, and how the atmosphere's composition affects the colors we see in the sky. The lesson also includes information about how Earth receives energy from the Sun as solar and infrared radiation, and the mechanisms for transferring heat around the globe. Learners will be introduced to the components of Earth’s water cycle, and also briefly explore the main types of systems used to observe the atmosphere.
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 13: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2016 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(2), рассчитанные на основании данных этой сети наблюдений in situ для двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O), достигли в 2016 году новых максимумов, причем для CO2 он составил 403,3 ± 0,1 млн-1, для CH4 — 1 853 ± 2 млрд-1(3), а для N2O — 328,9 ± 0,1 млрд-1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 145%, 257% и 122% по отношению к доиндустриальным (до 1750 года) уровням. Рекордное увеличение содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2015 по 2016 го ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°13: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2016
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de la Vigilancia de la Atmósfera Global (VAG) de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie(2) calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el CO2, el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O) alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2016 al registrar 403,3 ± 0,1 ppm para el CO2, 1 853 ± 2 ppb(3) para el CH4 y 328,9 ± 0,1 ppb para el N2O, lo que representa, respectivamente, el 145%, el 257% y el 122% de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). El aumento récord de 3,3 ppm para el CO2 de 2015 ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°13: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l'atmosphère, d'après les observations effectuées à l'échelle du globe en 2016
La toute dernière analyse des données d'observation recueillies par le réseau in situ du Programme de la Veille de l'atmosphère globale (VAG) de l'OMM révèle qu'à l'échelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface(2) du CO2, du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2016, s'établissant respectivement à 403,3±0,1 ppm, 1 853±2 ppb(3) et 328,9±0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs représentent respectivement 145 %, 257 % et 122 % des niveaux préindustriels (avant 1750). Le taux d'accroissement du CO2 entre 2015 et 2016, qui a atteint 3,3 ppm, était plus élevé que le taux re ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第13期: 基于2016年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2017对WMO GAW计划提供的观测资料进行的最新分析表明，利 用该实地网络提供的资料计算出的CO2、甲烷(CH4)和氧化 亚氮(N2O)全球平均地面摩尔分数(2)在2016年达到了新高， 其中CO2为403.3 ± 0.1 ppm、CH4为1853 ± 2 ppb(3) 以及N2O 为328.9 ± 0.1 ppb。这些数值分别是工业化前(1750年之前) 水平的145%、257% 和122%。2015年至2016年二氧化碳 创记录的3.3 ppm升幅高于上次2012年至2013年观测到的 创记录增幅以及过去十年的平均增长率。2015/2016年的厄 尔尼诺事件通过气候变化与碳循环之间复杂的双向相互作 用，推动了增长率上升。2015年至2016年CH4的增幅略低 于2014年至2015年观测到的增幅，但高于过去十年的平均 值。2015年至2016年N2O的增幅也略低于2014年至2015年 观测到的增幅以及过去十年的平均增长率。美国国家海洋和 大气管理局(NOAA)年度温室气体指数(AGGI)[3、4]表明， 从1990年至2016年，长寿命温室气体(LLGHG)的辐射强迫 增加了40%，其中CO2约占这一增幅的80%。
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2016
یتبین من أحدث تحلیل للرصدات من برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي GAW) ) أن المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزیئیة( 2) المحسوب من ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ) والمیثان ( CH4 ) وأكسید النیتروز ( N2O ) قد بلغ مستویات مرتفعة جدیدة في عام 2016 ، بحیث بلغ المتوسط فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون 403.3 ± 0.1 جزء في الملیون، وفیما یتعلق بالمیثان 1853 ± 2 جزء في البلیون( 3)، وفیما یتعلق بأكسید النیتروز 328.9 ± 0.1 جزء في البلیون. وھذه القیَم تشكّل، على التوالي، 145 في المائة و 257 في المائة و 122 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (أي ما قبل عام 1750 ). وكانت الزیادة الق ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.12: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2015
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme shows that globally averaged surface mole fractions(3) calculated from this in situ network for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2015, with CO2 at 400.0±0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1845±2 ppb(4) and N2O at 328.0±0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 144%, 256% and 121% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. It is predicted that 2016 will be the first year in which CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory remains above 400 ppm all year, and hence for many generations [ ...
Forecasting Mountain Wave Turbulence for Aviation
Turbulent flow that impacts aviation can be caused by several different factors and can occur at both low and high-levels in the atmosphere. This lesson focuses on forecasting mountain wave turbulence. Its methodology relies on the spatial and temporal distribution of winds, stability, and clouds to forecast and verify mountain wave turbulence. Analyzed forecast products include NWP charts, cross sections and soundings, satellite imagery, RAOBs, PIREPS, and graphical turbulence guidance (GTG). The lesson is targeted for aviation forecasters at the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS). The modul ...
The Science of Radio Occultation and the COSMIC Mission
The lesson provides an overview of radio occultation and its contributions to our understanding of Earth's atmosphere as demonstrated by the COSMIC mission launched in 2006. The lesson is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1 describes the science of radio occultation and how atmospheric profiles are obtained. Chapter 2 focuses on the benefits of radio occultation and COSMIC observations for numerous applications related to meteorology, climate, and space weather. Chapter 3 describes the COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7 mission and its expected improvements to further inform meteorology, climate, and iono ...
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 12: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2015 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы Глобальной службы атмосферы (ГСА) ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(3), рассчитанные на основании этой сети наблюдений двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O) in situ достигли в 2015 г. новых максимумов, причем для CO2 новый максимум составил 400,0}0,1 млн–1, для CH4 — 1845}2 млрд–1(4), а для N2O — 328,0}0,1 млрд–1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 144 %, 256 % и 121 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (1750 г.) уровням. Ожидается, что 2016 год станет первым годом ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°12: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2015
El último análisis de las observaciones de la VAG de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie3), calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O), alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2015 al registrar, respectivamente, 400,0±0,1 ppm, 1 845±2 ppb4) y 328,0±0,1 ppb, lo que representa respectivamente el 144%, 256% y 121% de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). Se prevé que 2016 será el primer año en que en el Observatorio Mauna Loa se registre un nivel de CO2 superior a 400 ppm durante tod ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°12: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l'atmosphère, d'après les observations effectuées à l'échelle du globe en 2015
La toute dernière analyse des données d'observation recueillies par le réseau in situ du Programme de la Veille de l'atmosphère globale (VAG) de l'OMM révèle qu'à l'échelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface3) du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2015, s'établissant respectivement à 400,0±0,1 ppm, 1 845±2 ppb4) et 328,0± 0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs représentent respectivement 144 %, 256 % et 121 % des niveaux préindustriels (avant 1750). On prévoit que 2016 sera la première année où la teneur de l'atmosphère en CO2 mesuré ...
GAW Report, 229. 18th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2015)
The 18th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT - 2015) took place from 13 to 17 September 2015 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla (CA), USA. It was the 40 th anniversary of the first GGMT meeting (then called "CO 2 Experts Meeting") which was also held at Scripps in 1974. WMO has provided the framework for all carbon dioxide experts meetings since 1975. IAEA in Vienna joined WMO as a co - organizer in 1997 due to the increased use of carbon isotopes in studying the carbon cycle. The meeting reviewed current WMO ...
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2015
توضح التحلیلات الأخیرة للرصدات التي أجراھا برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي ( GAW ) أن المتوسط العالمي الذي حسبتھ ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة للكسور الجزیئیة( 3) السطحیة لثاني أكسید الكربون والمیثان وأكسید النیتروز قد بلغت أرقاماً عالیة جدیدة في 2015 ، إذ بلغ ثاني أكسید الكربون 400.0±0.1 جزء في الملیون، والمیثان 2± 1845 جزءاً في البلیون( 4)، وأكسید النیتروز 0.1 ± 328.0 جزءاً في البلیون. وتشكل ھذه القیم على التوالي 144 في المائة و 256 في المائة و 121 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (قبل عام 1750 ). ویتوقع أن یكون 2016 ھو أول عام یظل فیھ مستوى تركیز ثاني أكسید الكربون في مرصد مونا لوا فوق ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.11: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2014
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme shows that the globally averaged mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2014, with CO2 at 397.7±0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1833±1 ppb[2] and N2O at 327.1±0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 143%, 254% and 121% of pre-industrial (1750) levels. The atmospheric increase of CO2 from 2013 to 2014 was close to that averaged over the past 10 years. For both CH4 and N2O the increases from 2013 to 2014 were larger than that observed from 2012 to 2013 and ...
Introduction to Meteorological Charting
This lesson provides a brief overview of surface and upper-air data and how these data are plotted on meteorological charts. The content introduces various charting and reporting techniques, including station models, contour analyses, streamlines, and upper air maps. Examples cover both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere and provide learners with opportunities to practice recognizing frequently used weather symbols. Supplemental materials include three Weather Symbol Identification drills. Completing these drills may require approximately 1-1.5 hours above the length of time estim ...
Rainfall characteristics over Togo and their related atomospheric circulation anomalies: In Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences, 5:34-48
This study attempts to reveal features of rainfall over Togo, in relationship to the
prevailing atmospheric circulation. The study employed correlation analysis and composite analysis in
the analysis of rainfall, sea surface temperature, wind, and humidity. Empirical orthogonal functions
(EOF) analysis was employed in this study. The years: 1989, 1991, 1995, 2003 and 2007 were
identified to be anomalously wet years while 1982, 1983, 1990, 1992, 2001 and 2006 fall in the
anomalously dry years’ category. The dominant mode of variability exhibits a dipole patter ...
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Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам 
