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GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Advanced Baseline Imager
In this webinar recording, Tim Schmit demonstrates the improved temporal, spatial, spectral and calibration attributes of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the GOES-R series. The main uses for each of the sixteen spectral bands will be covered, using examples from the recently launched GOES-16 ABI. Imagery and data loops for various types of atmospheric phenomena will be presented to illustrate the improved spectral capabilities and higher temporal and spatial resolution of the ABI. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instructor at his home institution. Audio variations may exist.
Foundations of Meteorological Instrumentation and Measurements
This lesson provides an introduction to the instrumentation used for meteorological measurements. Aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in meteorology and the atmospheric sciences, it examines the types of observing systems available to measure temperature, pressure, humidity, trace gases, clouds and aerosols, winds, precipitation, and radiation. Learners will explore the main components of an instrument and become acquainted with performance characteristics including types of errors. This introductory lesson provides a foundation for more detailed training focused on measurement of spe ...
Meteorological Instrument Performance Characteristics
This advanced lesson explores the performance characteristics of instrumentation used for meteorological measurements. Static performance characteristics are examined in the context of calibration, which offers a means to determine an instrument's response. Dynamic performance characteristics, including first and second order inputs, are discussed using three classic examples: step or impulse, ramp or time varying, and oscillatory inputs. The lesson provides information about the effects of representativeness and regional homogeneity on measurements, and also describes processes for obtaining ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Aviation Products
In this webinar recording, Amanda Terborg (with input from Dr. Chad Gravelle), will demonstrate the capabilities of GOES-R/16 in analyzing hazards affecting the aviation industry. The talk focuses specifically on four hazards (but there are others): 1) fog and low stratus, 2) in-flight turbulence, 3) dust, and 4) volcanic ash. Through the use of GOES-R/16 spectral bands, band differences, and RGB composites, satellite data users can detect the development and evolution of aviation threats better than with any previous geostationary satellites. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instruc ...
Met 101: Introduction to the Atmosphere
This lesson provides an overview of Earth’s atmosphere, its vertical structure, the fundamental forces acting on air, and how the atmosphere's composition affects the colors we see in the sky. The lesson also includes information about how Earth receives energy from the Sun as solar and infrared radiation, and the mechanisms for transferring heat around the globe. Learners will be introduced to the components of Earth’s water cycle, and also briefly explore the main types of systems used to observe the atmosphere.
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 13: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2016 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(2), рассчитанные на основании данных этой сети наблюдений in situ для двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O), достигли в 2016 году новых максимумов, причем для CO2 он составил 403,3 ± 0,1 млн-1, для CH4 — 1 853 ± 2 млрд-1(3), а для N2O — 328,9 ± 0,1 млрд-1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 145%, 257% и 122% по отношению к доиндустриальным (до 1750 года) уровням. Рекордное увеличение содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2015 по 2016 го ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°13: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2016
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de la Vigilancia de la Atmósfera Global (VAG) de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie(2) calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el CO2, el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O) alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2016 al registrar 403,3 ± 0,1 ppm para el CO2, 1 853 ± 2 ppb(3) para el CH4 y 328,9 ± 0,1 ppb para el N2O, lo que representa, respectivamente, el 145%, el 257% y el 122% de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). El aumento récord de 3,3 ppm para el CO2 de 2015 ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°13: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l'atmosphère, d'après les observations effectuées à l'échelle du globe en 2016
La toute dernière analyse des données d'observation recueillies par le réseau in situ du Programme de la Veille de l'atmosphère globale (VAG) de l'OMM révèle qu'à l'échelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface(2) du CO2, du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2016, s'établissant respectivement à 403,3±0,1 ppm, 1 853±2 ppb(3) et 328,9±0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs représentent respectivement 145 %, 257 % et 122 % des niveaux préindustriels (avant 1750). Le taux d'accroissement du CO2 entre 2015 et 2016, qui a atteint 3,3 ppm, était plus élevé que le taux re ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第13期: 基于2016年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2017对WMO GAW计划提供的观测资料进行的最新分析表明，利 用该实地网络提供的资料计算出的CO2、甲烷(CH4)和氧化 亚氮(N2O)全球平均地面摩尔分数(2)在2016年达到了新高， 其中CO2为403.3 ± 0.1 ppm、CH4为1853 ± 2 ppb(3) 以及N2O 为328.9 ± 0.1 ppb。这些数值分别是工业化前(1750年之前) 水平的145%、257% 和122%。2015年至2016年二氧化碳 创记录的3.3 ppm升幅高于上次2012年至2013年观测到的 创记录增幅以及过去十年的平均增长率。2015/2016年的厄 尔尼诺事件通过气候变化与碳循环之间复杂的双向相互作 用，推动了增长率上升。2015年至2016年CH4的增幅略低 于2014年至2015年观测到的增幅，但高于过去十年的平均 值。2015年至2016年N2O的增幅也略低于2014年至2015年 观测到的增幅以及过去十年的平均增长率。美国国家海洋和 大气管理局(NOAA)年度温室气体指数(AGGI)[3、4]表明， 从1990年至2016年，长寿命温室气体(LLGHG)的辐射强迫 增加了40%，其中CO2约占这一增幅的80%。
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2016
یتبین من أحدث تحلیل للرصدات من برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي GAW) ) أن المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزیئیة( 2) المحسوب من ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ) والمیثان ( CH4 ) وأكسید النیتروز ( N2O ) قد بلغ مستویات مرتفعة جدیدة في عام 2016 ، بحیث بلغ المتوسط فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون 403.3 ± 0.1 جزء في الملیون، وفیما یتعلق بالمیثان 1853 ± 2 جزء في البلیون( 3)، وفیما یتعلق بأكسید النیتروز 328.9 ± 0.1 جزء في البلیون. وھذه القیَم تشكّل، على التوالي، 145 في المائة و 257 في المائة و 122 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (أي ما قبل عام 1750 ). وكانت الزیادة الق ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.12: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2015
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme shows that globally averaged surface mole fractions(3) calculated from this in situ network for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2015, with CO2 at 400.0±0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1845±2 ppb(4) and N2O at 328.0±0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 144%, 256% and 121% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. It is predicted that 2016 will be the first year in which CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory remains above 400 ppm all year, and hence for many generations [ ...
Forecasting Mountain Wave Turbulence for Aviation
Turbulent flow that impacts aviation can be caused by several different factors and can occur at both low and high-levels in the atmosphere. This lesson focuses on forecasting mountain wave turbulence. Its methodology relies on the spatial and temporal distribution of winds, stability, and clouds to forecast and verify mountain wave turbulence. Analyzed forecast products include NWP charts, cross sections and soundings, satellite imagery, RAOBs, PIREPS, and graphical turbulence guidance (GTG). The lesson is targeted for aviation forecasters at the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS). The modul ...
The Science of Radio Occultation and the COSMIC Mission
The lesson provides an overview of radio occultation and its contributions to our understanding of Earth's atmosphere as demonstrated by the COSMIC mission launched in 2006. The lesson is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1 describes the science of radio occultation and how atmospheric profiles are obtained. Chapter 2 focuses on the benefits of radio occultation and COSMIC observations for numerous applications related to meteorology, climate, and space weather. Chapter 3 describes the COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7 mission and its expected improvements to further inform meteorology, climate, and iono ...
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 12: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2015 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы Глобальной службы атмосферы (ГСА) ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(3), рассчитанные на основании этой сети наблюдений двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O) in situ достигли в 2015 г. новых максимумов, причем для CO2 новый максимум составил 400,0}0,1 млн–1, для CH4 — 1845}2 млрд–1(4), а для N2O — 328,0}0,1 млрд–1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 144 %, 256 % и 121 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (1750 г.) уровням. Ожидается, что 2016 год станет первым годом ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°12: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2015
El último análisis de las observaciones de la VAG de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie3), calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O), alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2015 al registrar, respectivamente, 400,0±0,1 ppm, 1 845±2 ppb4) y 328,0±0,1 ppb, lo que representa respectivamente el 144%, 256% y 121% de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). Se prevé que 2016 será el primer año en que en el Observatorio Mauna Loa se registre un nivel de CO2 superior a 400 ppm durante tod ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°12: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l'atmosphère, d'après les observations effectuées à l'échelle du globe en 2015
La toute dernière analyse des données d'observation recueillies par le réseau in situ du Programme de la Veille de l'atmosphère globale (VAG) de l'OMM révèle qu'à l'échelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface3) du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2015, s'établissant respectivement à 400,0±0,1 ppm, 1 845±2 ppb4) et 328,0± 0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs représentent respectivement 144 %, 256 % et 121 % des niveaux préindustriels (avant 1750). On prévoit que 2016 sera la première année où la teneur de l'atmosphère en CO2 mesuré ...
GAW Report, 229. 18th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2015)
The 18th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT - 2015) took place from 13 to 17 September 2015 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla (CA), USA. It was the 40 th anniversary of the first GGMT meeting (then called "CO 2 Experts Meeting") which was also held at Scripps in 1974. WMO has provided the framework for all carbon dioxide experts meetings since 1975. IAEA in Vienna joined WMO as a co - organizer in 1997 due to the increased use of carbon isotopes in studying the carbon cycle. The meeting reviewed current WMO ...
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2015
توضح التحلیلات الأخیرة للرصدات التي أجراھا برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي ( GAW ) أن المتوسط العالمي الذي حسبتھ ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة للكسور الجزیئیة( 3) السطحیة لثاني أكسید الكربون والمیثان وأكسید النیتروز قد بلغت أرقاماً عالیة جدیدة في 2015 ، إذ بلغ ثاني أكسید الكربون 400.0±0.1 جزء في الملیون، والمیثان 2± 1845 جزءاً في البلیون( 4)، وأكسید النیتروز 0.1 ± 328.0 جزءاً في البلیون. وتشكل ھذه القیم على التوالي 144 في المائة و 256 في المائة و 121 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (قبل عام 1750 ). ویتوقع أن یكون 2016 ھو أول عام یظل فیھ مستوى تركیز ثاني أكسید الكربون في مرصد مونا لوا فوق ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.11: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2014
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme shows that the globally averaged mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2014, with CO2 at 397.7±0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1833±1 ppb[2] and N2O at 327.1±0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 143%, 254% and 121% of pre-industrial (1750) levels. The atmospheric increase of CO2 from 2013 to 2014 was close to that averaged over the past 10 years. For both CH4 and N2O the increases from 2013 to 2014 were larger than that observed from 2012 to 2013 and ...
Introduction to Meteorological Charting
This lesson provides a brief overview of surface and upper-air data and how these data are plotted on meteorological charts. The content introduces various charting and reporting techniques, including station models, contour analyses, streamlines, and upper air maps. Examples cover both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere and provide learners with opportunities to practice recognizing frequently used weather symbols. Supplemental materials include three Weather Symbol Identification drills. Completing these drills may require approximately 1-1.5 hours above the length of time estim ...
Rainfall characteristics over Togo and their related atomospheric circulation anomalies: In Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences, 5:34-48
This study attempts to reveal features of rainfall over Togo, in relationship to the
prevailing atmospheric circulation. The study employed correlation analysis and composite analysis in
the analysis of rainfall, sea surface temperature, wind, and humidity. Empirical orthogonal functions
(EOF) analysis was employed in this study. The years: 1989, 1991, 1995, 2003 and 2007 were
identified to be anomalously wet years while 1982, 1983, 1990, 1992, 2001 and 2006 fall in the
anomalously dry years’ category. The dominant mode of variability exhibits a dipole patter ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第11期: 基于2014年全球观测的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2015对W MO全球大气监视网（GAW）计划观测结果的最新分析 表明，2014年全球范围内二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚 氮（N2O）的平均摩尔分数达到新高，CO2为397.7±0.1ppm[1]， CH4为18 3 3±1p p b[2]、N 2O为3 2 7.1±0.1p p b。这些值分别 为工业化(17 5 0年)前水平的14 3％、2 5 4％和121％。2 013 至2014年大气中CO2的增量与过去10年的平均值接近。2013至 2014年CH4和N2O的增量均高于2012至2013年的观测结果和过去10 年的平均增速。美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）年度温室气 体指数显示，从1990至2014年，长寿命温室气体（LLGHG）的辐射 强迫增加了36%，其中CO2的作用约占该增量的80％。
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: دراسة حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي باستخدام الرصدات العالمية المنجزة عام 2014
التحليلات الأخيرة للرصدات التي قدمها برنامج المراقبة العالمية للغلاف الجوي ) GAW ( التابع للمنظمة ) WMO ( توضح أن المتوسطات العالمية للكسور الجزيئية لثاني أكسيد الكربون ) CO2 ( والميثان ) CH4 ( وأكسيد النيتروز ) )N2O قد بلغت أرقاماً قياسية مرتفعة جديدة في 2014 ، إذ بلغ ثاني أكسيد الكربون 397.7±0.1 جزء في المليون، وبلغ الميثان 1± 1833 جزءاً في البليون] 2[، وأكسيد النيتروز 0.1 ± 327.1 جزء في البليون. وتشكل هذه القيم على التوالي 143 في المائة و 262 في المائة و 121 في المائة قياساً بمستويات ما قبل العصر الصناعي )عام 1750 (. وكانت زيادة ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي بين عامي 2013 و 2014 مقاربة ...
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 11: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2014 г
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы Глобальной службы атмосферы (ГСА) ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные молярные доли двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O) достигли в 2014 г. новых максимумов, причем для CO2 новый максимум составил 397,7±0,1 млн-1, для CH4 — 1833±1 млрд-1 [2], а для N2O — 327,1±0,1 млрд-1. Эти значе- ния составляют соответственно 143 %, 254 % и 121 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (1750 г.) уровням. Темпы увеличения содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2013 по 2014 гг. близки к средним темпам роста за последние 10 лет. Как д ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°11: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2014
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del programa de la Vigilancia de la Atmósfera Global (VAG) de la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares del dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O) alcanzaron nuevos valores máximos en 2014 al registrar, respectivamente, 397,7±0,1 ppm, 1 833±1 ppb[2] y 327,1±0,1 ppb, lo que representa respectivamente el 143%, el 254% y el 121% de los niveles de la era preindustrial (1750). El aumento de CO2 en la atmósfera de 2013 a 2014 fue similar al promed ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°11: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2014
La toute dernière analyse des données d'observation recueillies dans le cadre du Programme de la Veille de l'atmosphère globale (VAG) de l'OMM révèle qu'à l'échelle du globe, les fractions molaires du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2014, s'établissant respectivement à 397,7±0,1 ppm[1], 1833±1 ppb[2] et 327,1±0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs représentent respectivement 143 %, 254 % et 121 % des niveaux préindustriels (en 1750). Le taux d'accroissement du CO2 atmosphérique entre 2013 et 2014 est proche de la moyenne calculée sur les d ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.10: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2013
This tenth WMO/GAW Annual GHG Bulletin reports atmospheric abundances and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These three, together with CFC-12 and CFC-11, account for approximately 96%[5] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs (Figure 1). For the first time, this bulletin contains a section on ocean acidification prepared in collaboration with the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.10 - Climate Summit edition: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2013
This tenth WMO/GAW Annual GHG Bulletin reports atmospheric abundances and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These three, together with CFC-12 and CFC-11, account for approximately 96%[5] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs (Figure 1). For the first time, this bulletin contains a section on ocean acidification prepared in collaboration with the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the ...
2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Wetlands : Methodological guidance on lands with wet and drained soils, and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - IPCC, 2014The 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (Wetlands Supplement) extends the content of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines by filling gaps in coverage and providing updated information reflecting scientific advances, including updating emission factors. It covers inland organic soils and wetlands on mineral soils, coastal wetlands including mangrove forests, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. The coverage of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on wetlands was restricted to peatlands drained and managed for pea ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第10期: 基于2013年全球观测的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2014第十期WMO/全球大气监视网年度温室气体公报 公布了最重要长寿命温室气体(包括二氧化碳、甲烷和 氧化亚氮等)的大气含量和变化速率，并概述其他气体 的贡献概况。以上三种主要长寿命温室气体以及CFC- 12和CFC-11大约占长寿命温室气体造成的辐射强迫的 96%[5](图1)。本公报首次包括海洋酸化章节，其内容 是与联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会(IOC-UNESCO) 国际海洋碳协调项目(IOC CP)、海洋研究科学 委员会(SCOR)以及国际原子能机构(IAEA)海洋酸化 国际协调中心(OA-ICC)合作完成的。
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: دراسة حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي باستخدام الرصدات العالمية المنجزة عام 2013
توفر هذه النشرة العاشرة من سلسة النشرات السنوية المتعلقة بغازات الاحتباس الحراري والتي يصدرها برنامج المراقبة العالمية للغلاف الجوي ) )GAW التابع للمنظمة ) WMO ( معلومات حول وفرة أهم غازات الاحتباس الحراري الطويلة الأمد ) LLGHGs (، ومعدلات تغيرها، وهي ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان وأكسيد النيتروز، كما تقدم ملخصاً يتناول مساهمات الغازات الأخرى. وتسهم هذه الغازات الثلاثة، إلى جانب الكلوروفلوروكربون ) )CFC-12 والكلوروفلوروكربون ) CFC-11 ( بنسبة % 96 ] 5[ تقريباً من التأثير الإشعاعي القسري الناجم عن غازات الاحتباس الحراري ) LLGHGs ( )الشكل 1(. وتحتوي هذه النشرة للمرة الأولى على قسم يتناول تحمّض المح ...
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 10: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2013 г
BMO, 2014В настоящем десятом ежегодном бюллетене ГСА/ВМО по парниковым газам представлены данные о содержании и темпах изменения важнейших долгоживущих парниковых газов – двуокиси углерода, метана, оксидов азота, и приводится краткая информация о вкладе в радиационное воздействие на атмосферу других газов. На эти три газа, вместе с ХФУ-12 и ХФУ-11, приходится приблизительно 96 %[5] радиационного воздействия на атмосферу, обусловленного ДПГ (рисунок 1). Впервые этот бюллетень содержит раздел о закислении океана, подготовленный в сотрудничестве с Международным координационным проектом по океаническому уг ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°10: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2013
En este décimo Boletín anual sobre los gases de efecto invernadero de la VAG de la OMM se informa acerca de la concentración atmosférica y los índices de evolución de los principales GEI de larga duración (CO2, CH4 y N2O) y se resumen las contribuciones de otros gases. Esos tres gases, junto con el CFC-12 y el CFC-11, contribuyen a aproximadamente un 96%[3] del forzamiento radiativo por tratarse de GEI de larga duración (figura 1). Por primera vez, el presente Boletín contiene una sección sobre acidificación del océano, preparada en colaboración con el Proyecto Internacional de Coordinación so ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre. N°10: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2013
Le présent bulletin, le dixième d’une série de bulletins sur les gaz à effet de serre publiés chaque année par l’OMM dans le cadre du Programme de la VAG, rend compte de l’évolution de la concentration atmosphérique des principaux gaz à effet de serre persistants (dioxyde de carbone, méthane et protoxyde d'azote) et présente un récapitulatif de la contribution des autres gaz. Avec les CFC-11 et CFC-12, ces trois gaz sont responsables de 96 %[5] environ du forçage radiatif induit par les gaz à effet de serre persistants (figure 1). Le présent numéro contient une nouvelle section sur l'acidifica ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第10期/2014年9月9日 - 气候峰会版本: 基于2013年全球观测的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2014第十期WMO/全球大气监视网年度温室气体公报 公布了最重要长寿命温室气体(包括二氧化碳、甲烷和 氧化亚氮等)的大气含量和变化速率，并概述其他气体 的贡献概况。以上三种主要长寿命温室气体以及CFC- 12和CFC-11大约占长寿命温室气体造成的辐射强迫的 96%[5](图1)。本公报首次包括海洋酸化章节，其内容 是与联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会(IOC-UNESCO) 国际海洋碳协调项目(IOC CP)、海洋研究科学 委员会(SCOR)以及国际原子能机构(IAEA)海洋酸化 国际协调中心(OA-ICC)合作完成的。
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة غازات الاحتباس الحراري-طبعة مؤتمر القمة المعني بالمناخ: دراسة حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي باستخدام الرصدات العالمية المنجزة عام 2013
توفر هذه النشرة العاشرة من سلسة النشرات السنوية المتعلقة بغازات الاحتباس الحراري والتي يصدرها برنامج المراقبة العالمية للغلاف الجوي ) )GAW التابع للمنظمة ) WMO ( معلومات حول وفرة أهم غازات الاحتباس الحراري الطويلة الأمد ) LLGHGs (، ومعدلات تغيرها، وهي ثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان وأكسيد النيتروز، كما تقدم ملخصاً يتناول مساهمات الغازات الأخرى. وتسهم هذه الغازات الثلاثة، إلى جانب الكلوروفلوروكربون ) )CFC-12 والكلوروفلوروكربون ) CFC-11 ( بنسبة % 96 ] 5[ تقريباً من التأثير الإشعاعي القسري الناجم عن غازات الاحتباس الحراري ) LLGHGs ( )الشكل 1(. وتحتوي هذه النشرة للمرة الأولى على قسم يتناول تحمّض المح ...
№ 10, ноября 2013 г. - Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - Издание к Саммиту по климату
BMO, 2014В настоящем десятом ежегодном бюллетене ГСА/ВМО по парниковым газам представлены данные о содержании и темпах изменения важнейших долгоживущих парниковых газов – двуокиси углерода, метана, оксидов азота, и приводится краткая информация о вкладе в радиационное воздействие на атмосферу других газов. На эти три газа, вместе с ХФУ-12 и ХФУ-11, приходится приблизительно 96 %[5] радиационного воздействия на атмосферу, обусловленного ДПГ (рисунок 1). Впервые этот бюллетень содержит раздел о закислении океана, подготовленный в сотрудничестве с Международным координационным проектом по океаническому уг ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°10 - Edición para el Cumbre sobre el Clima: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2013
En este décimo Boletín anual sobre los gases de efecto invernadero de la VAG de la OMM se informa acerca de la concentración atmosférica y los índices de evolución de los principales GEI de larga duración (CO2, CH4 y N2O) y se resumen las contribuciones de otros gases. Esos tres gases, junto con el CFC-12 y el CFC-11, contribuyen a aproximadamente un 96%[3] del forzamiento radiativo por tratarse de GEI de larga duración (figura 1). Por primera vez, el presente Boletín contiene una sección sobre acidificación del océano, preparada en colaboración con el Proyecto Internacional de Coordinación so ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre. N°10 - Édition spéciale pour le Sommet sur le climat: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2013
Le présent bulletin, le dixième d’une série de bulletins sur les gaz à effet de serre publiés chaque année par l’OMM dans le cadre du Programme de la VAG, rend compte de l’évolution de la concentration atmosphérique des principaux gaz à effet de serre persistants (dioxyde de carbone, méthane et protoxyde d'azote) et présente un récapitulatif de la contribution des autres gaz. Avec les CFC-11 et CFC-12, ces trois gaz sont responsables de 96 %[5] environ du forçage radiatif induit par les gaz à effet de serre persistants (figure 1). Le présent numéro contient une nouvelle section sur l'acidifica ...
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ARISE - A European research infrastructure combining three measurement techniques
Bulletin, Vol. 62(1). WMO, 2013Technology first used to listen for secret H-bomb tests could help forecasters tell us what the weather is going to be like up to a month in advance. That is one of the aims of an exciting new international research project, Atmosphere dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe (ARISE), which kicked-off in January 2012. Following studies that showed that the upper layers of the Earth’s atmosphere could provide crucial information for more accurate longer-term weather forecasts, on timescales up to four weeks ahead, twelve partners from eight European member states and one associated country ha ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.9: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2012
This ninth WMO/GAW Annual GHG Bulletin reports atmospheric abundances and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These three together with CFC-12 and CFC-11 account for approximately 96%[4] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs.
Multispectral Satellite Applications: RGB Products Explained
This lesson provides an overview of meteorological and environmental RGB products, namely, how they are constructed and how to use them. The first half provides background information on the RGB development process and the rapid evolution of RGB products as newer geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite imagers incorporate additional spectral channels. The second half of the lesson, the Applications section, focuses on the formulation and uses of RGB products; providing examples, interpretation exercises, satellite specific information, and other background information for many of the common ...
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National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Baseline Scenarios : Learning from Experiences in Developing Countries
Xenarios Stefanos - RiceClima, 2013This report aims rather to contribute to a better understanding of the issues and challenges involved in drawing up baseline scenarios, by documenting and drawing lessons from the breadth of existing practices in a range of countries. This existing diversity is both a key asset for gradually increasing the robustness of baseline scenarios, but also the reason for a lack of comparability.
رقم 9 | 6 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 2013 - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة بغازات الدفيئة
توفر هذه هي النشرة التاسعة من سلسلة النشرات السنوية المتعلقة بغازات الدفيئة والتي يصدرها برنامج المراقبة العالمية للغلاف الجوية ) )GAW التابع للمنظمة ) WMO ( معلومات حول وفرة أهم غازات الدفيئة الطويلة الأمد ) LLGHGs ( في الغلاف الجوي، ومعدلات تغيرها، وهي ثاني أكسيد الكربون، والميثان، وأكسيد النيتروز، كما تقدم ملخصاً يتناول مساهمات الغازات الأخرى. وتسهم هذه الغازات الثلاثة، إلى جانب الكلوروفلوروكربون ) CFC-12 (، والكلوروفلوروكربون ) )CFC-11 بنسبة 96 ٪ ] 4[ تقريباً من التأثير الإشعاعي القسري الناجم عن غازات الدفيئة ) LLGHGs.
WMO 温室气体公报 - 第9号，2013年11月6日: 基于2012年全球观测的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2013第九期WMO/GAW年度温室气体公报公布了最重要的 长生命期温室气体(LLGHG)(二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮)的 大气含量和变化速率，并提供了其它气体的贡献概况。这三种气体以及CFC-12和CFC-11共约占长生命期温室气体所造 成辐射强迫的96%.
№ 9, ноября 2012 г. - Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам
BMO, 2013В этом девятом ежегодном бюллетене ГСА/ВМО по парниковым газам сообщается о концентрациях в атмосфере и темпах изме- нения важнейших долгоживущих парниковых газов (ДПГ) — двуокиси углерода, метана, закиси азота, а также приводится краткая информация о вкладах других газов. На эти три газа, наряду с ХФУ-12 и ХФУ-11, приходится приблизительно 96 %[4] радиационного воздействия, обусловленного ДПГ.
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°9: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2012
En este noveno boletín anual sobre los gases de efecto invernadero de la VAG de la OMM se informa acerca de la carga atmosférica y los índices de evolución de los principales gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración (CO2, CH4, N2O) y se resumen las contribuciones de otros gases. Esos tres gases junto con el CFC-12 y el CFC-11 contribuyen aproximadamente a un 96%[4] del forzamiento radiativo debido a los gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración.
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre. N°9: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2012
Le présent bulletin, le neuvième d’une série de bulletins sur les gaz à effet de serre publiés chaque année par l’OMM dans le cadre du Programme de la VAG, rend compte de l’évolution de la concentration atmosphérique des principaux gaz à effet de serre persistants (dioxyde de carbone, méthane, protoxyde d'azote) et présente un récapitulatif de la contribution des autres gaz. Avec les CFC-11 et CFC-12, ces trois gaz sont responsables de 96 %[4] environ du forçage radiatif induit par les gaz à effet de serre persistants.
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66 - February 2012 - A method for estimating the sea-air CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean
is an issue of 気象研究所技術報告. Meteorological Research Institute, 2012In this technical report, we describe a newly developed method for evaluating monthly fields of oceanic pCO2 and the subsequent temporal variations of the sea-air CO2 flux over extensive regions of the North and South Pacific by using synthesized observational data. The application of this method is expected to contribute to understanding of future changes in the ocean carbon sink and the ocean's role in controlling the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase.
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.8: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2011
This eighth WMO/GAW Annual Bulletin reports on the atmospheric burdens and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-12 and CFC-11 – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These five major gases account for approximately 96%[4] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs.
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CAWCR technical report, 57. The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model Roadmap for 2012-2017
Law Rachel M.; Raupach Mickael R.; Abramowitz G. - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, 2012The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model describes landatmosphere exchanges of energy, carbon, water and momentum, together with related biogeochemical, vegetation-dynamic and disturbance processes. CABLE is coupled with several climate models including the UKMO Unified Model as part of ACCESS1.3, used in CAWCR for IPCC AR5 climate projections. CABLE is also a key part of the Australian contributions to two international projects: RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessments and Processes), and LUCID (Land Use Change, IDentification of robust impacts).
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Global and European climate response to transient forcings since 1870, as simulated in an atmospheric general circulation model
Bichet Adeline - ETH, 2012Predicting and adapting to climate change is one of the major challenges for the twenty-first century. To better understand the future changes in precipitation associated with climate change on the global and regional scale, this thesis investigates, for the past 140 years, the time-varying impact of the major climate forcings on precipitation. To do so, the global climate is simulated between 1870 and 2005 in a transient mode with the atmospheric general circulation model “ECHAM5- HAM”. The model is forced with observationally based time-varying sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the major ...
Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2012„ - Tracking progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets
European Environment Agency (EEA) - EEA, 2012This report presents an overview of the progress achieved so far by the EU, its Member States and other EEA member countries towards their respective targets under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU burden-sharing agreement, as well as 2020 targets set at EU level. The assessment is based on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data in Europe for the period 2008…2011, including recent EEA estimates of proxy 2011 GHG emissions.
GAW Report, 203. The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Maritime Organization (IMO); Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); et al. - WMO, 2012The atmospheric input of chemicals to the ocean is closely related to a number of important global change issues. The increasing input of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen species to much of the ocean may cause a low level fertilization of the ocean that could result in an increase in marine 'new' productivity of up to ~3% and thus impact carbon drawdown from the atmosphere. However, the increase in nitrogen inputs are also likely to increase the formation of nitrous oxide in the ocean. The increased emission of this powerful greenhouse gas will partially offset the climate forcing impact res ...
Tsunami Strike! Caribbean Edition
Tsunami Strike! Caribbean Edition offers an interactive learning experience in which learners take on the role of a journalist writing an article for a news magazine. Sixteen multimedia lessons on tsunami science, safety, and history are interwoven within the learning scenario as resources for the article. The material is aimed at middle school and high school students (ages 13-17) but will be useful to a broader audience wishing to learn more about tsunamis in general, and in particular about tsunami risks in the Caribbean.
Introduction to Climate Models
This module explains how climate models work. Because the modeling of both weather and climate share many similarities, the content throughout this module draws frequent comparisons and highlights the differences. We explain not only how, but why climate models differ from weather models. To do so, we explore the difference between weather and climate, then show how models are built to simulate climate and generate the statistics that describe it. We conclude with a discussion of models are tuned and tested. Understanding how climate responds to changes in atmospheric composition and other fac ...
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National greenhouse gas inventory data for the period 1990–2010 : Note by the secretariat
All 42 Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties) submitted their greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory common reporting format (CRF) tables and national inventory reports (NIRs) in 2012. By the deadline of 15 April, 41 sets of CRF tables and 36 NIRs had been received. From 1990 to 2010, total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) for all Annex I Parties decreased by 8.9 per cent, and total GHG emissions/removals including LULUCF decreased by 14.6 per cent. For Annex I Parties with economies in transition ( ...
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Multi-model climate change projections for India under representative concentration pathways: In Current Science, vol.103, issue 7 (10/10/2012)
Climate projections for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are made using the newly developed representative concentration pathways (RCPs) under the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5). This article provides multi-model and multi-scenario temperature and precipitation projections for India for the period 1860–2099 based on the new climate data. We find that CMIP5 ensemble mean climate is closer to observed climate than any individual model. The key findings of this study are: (i) under the business-asusual (between RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 ...
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The recent shift in early summer Arctic atmospheric circulation: in Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 39, L19804
The last six years (2007–2012) show a persistent change in early summer Arctic wind patterns relative to previous decades. The persistent pattern, which has been previously recognized as the Arctic Dipole (AD), is characterized by relatively low sea-level pressure over the Siberian Arctic with high pressure over the Beaufort Sea, extending across northern North America and over Greenland. Pressure differences peak in June. In a search for a proximate cause for the newly persistent AD pattern, we note that the composite 700 hPa geopotential height field during June 2007–2012 exhibits a positive ...
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Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2011 : Aggregated data reported by companies on the production, import and export of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the European Union — Summary
EEA, 2012Greenhouse gases covered by the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol include amongst others, three groups of fluorinated greenhouse gases (the so called 'F-gases'): hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). These F-gases typically have very long lifetimes in the atmosphere and high global warming potentials (GWPs).
The European Union Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases (the 'F-Gas Regulation') introduced a requirement for each producer, importer and exporter of more than one tonne of F-gases to report to the European Commission ...
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Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils
World Bank, 2012The purpose of this report is to improve the knowledge base for facilitating investments in land management technologies that sequester soil organic carbon. While there are many studies on soil carbon sequestration, there is no single unifying volume that synthesizes knowledge on the impact of different land management practices on soil carbon sequestration rates across the world. A meta-analysis was carried out to provide soil carbon sequestration rates in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This is one important element in decision-making for sustainable agricultural intensification, agro-ecosy ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°8: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2011
En este octavo boletín anual de la VAG se informa acerca de la carga atmosférica y los índices de evolución de los principales gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración (CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, CFC-12 y CFC-11) y se resumen las contribuciones de otros gases. Esos cinco gases principales contribuyen aproximadamente a un 96% del forzamiento radiativo debido a los gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre. N°8: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2011
Le présent bulletin, le huitième d’une série de bulletins annuels sur les gaz à effet de serre publiés par l’OMM dans le cadre du Programme de la VAG, rend compte de l’évolution de la concentration atmosphérique des principaux gaz à effet de serre persistants (dioxyde de carbone, méthane, protoxyde d'azote, CFC-12 et CFC-11) et présente un récapitulatif de la contribution des autres gaz. Les cinq principaux gaz contribuent pour 96 %[4] environ au forçage radiatif induit par les gaz à effet de serre persistants
WMO 温室气体公报 - 第8号，2012年11月19日: 基于2011年全球观测的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2012WMO/GAW第八期年度温室气体公报给出最重要的长生命期温室气体（LLGHG）（二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮、CFC-12和CFC-11）的大气含量和变化速率，并给出其他气体的贡献概况。这五种主要气体约占由长生命期温室气体造成的辐射强迫96%.
№ 8, ноября 2011 г. - Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам
BMO, 2012В этом восьмом ежегодном бюллетене ГСА/ВМО сообщается о содержании в атмосфере и темпах изменения важнейших долгоживущих парниковых газов (ДПГ) — двуокиси углерода, метана, закиси азота, ХФУ-12 и ХФУ-11, а также приводится крат-кая информация о вкладе в радиационное воздействие дру-гих газов на атмосферу. На эти пять основных газов приходится приблизительно 96 %[4] радиационного воздействия на атмо-сферу, обусловленного ДПГ.
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Evaluation of the accuracy of analysis tools for atmospheric new particle formation
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Korhonen H.; Sihto S.-L.; Kerminen V.-M.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011Several mathematical tools have been developed in recent years to analyze new particle formation rates and to estimate nucleation rates and mechanisms at sub-3 nm sizes from atmospheric aerosol data. Here we evaluate these analysis tools using 1239 numerical nucleation events for which the nucleation mechanism and formation rates were known exactly. The accuracy of the estimates of particle formation rate at 3 nm (J3) showed significant sensitivity to the details of the analysis, i.e. form of equations used and assumptions made about the initial size of nucleating clusters, with the fraction o ...
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Dependence of the single-scattering properties of small ice crystals on idealized shape models
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Um J.; McFarquhar G.M. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011The projections of small ice crystals (with maximum dimension <50 μm) appear quasi-circular when imaged by probes on aircraft flying through cloud. Therefore, idealized models constructed to calculate their single-scattering properties have included quasi-spherical models such as Chebyshev particles, Gaussian random spheres, and droxtals. Recently, an ice analogue grown from sodium fluorosilicate solution on a glass substrate, with several columns emanating from a common center of mass, was shown to be quasi-circular when imaged by state-of-the-art cloud probes. In this study, a new idealized ...
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Synergetic monitoring of Saharan dust plumes and potential impact on surface: a case study of dust transport from Canary Islands to Iberian Peninsula
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Córdoba-Jabonero C.; Sorribas M.; Guerrero-Rascado J.L.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011The synergetic use of meteorological information, remote sensing both ground-based active (lidar) and passive (sun-photometry) techniques together with backtrajectory analysis and in-situ measurements is devoted to the characterization of dust intrusions. A case study of air masses advected from the Saharan region to the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula, located relatively close and far away from the dust sources, respectively, was considered for this purpose. The observations were performed over three Spanish geographically strategic stations within the dust-influenced area along a co ...
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African biomass burning plumes over the Atlantic: aircraft based measurements and implications for H2SO4 and HNO3 mediated smoke particle activation
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Fiedler V.; Arnold F.; Ludmann S.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011Airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosol particles have been made in two aged biomass burning (BB) plumes over the East Atlantic (Gulf of Guinea). The plumes originated from BB in the Southern-Hemisphere African savanna belt. On the day of our measurements (13 August 2006), the plumes had ages of about 10 days and were respectively located in the middle troposphere (MT) at 3900–5500 m altitude and in the upper troposphere (UT) at 10 800–11 200 m. Probably, the MT plume was lifted by dry convection and the UT plume was lifted by wet convection. In the more polluted MT-plume, numerous me ...
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On the potential contribution of open lead particle emissions to the central Arctic aerosol concentration
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Held A.; Brooks I.M.; Leck C.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011We present direct eddy covariance measurements of aerosol number fluxes, dominated by sub-50 nm particles, at the edge of an ice floe drifting in the central Arctic Ocean. The measurements were made during the ice-breaker borne ASCOS (Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study) expedition in August 2008 between 2°–10° W longitude and 87°–87.5° N latitude. The median aerosol transfer velocities over different surface types (open water leads, ice ridges, snow and ice surfaces) ranged from 0.27 to 0.68 mm s−1 during deposition-dominated episodes. Emission periods were observed more frequently over the open ...
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The effect of meteorological and chemical factors on the agreement between observations and predictions of fine aerosol composition in southwestern Ontario during BAQS-Met
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Markovic M.Z.; Hayden K.L.; Murphy J.G.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011The Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) was an intensive, collaborative field campaign during the summer of 2007 that investigated the effects of transboundary pollution, local pollution, and local meteorology on air quality in southwestern Ontario. This analysis focuses on the measurements of the inorganic constituents of particulate matter with diameter of less than 1 μm (PM1), with a specific emphasis on nitrate. We evaluate the ability of AURAMS, Environment Canada's chemical transport model, to represent regional air pollution in SW Ontario by comparing modelled aerosol in ...
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Latitudinal distributions of organic nitrogen and organic carbon in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Miyazaki Y.; Kawamura K.; Jung J.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011Marine aerosol samples were collected over the western North Pacific along the latitudinal transect from 44° N to 10° N in late summer 2008 for measurements of organic nitrogen (ON) and organic carbon (OC) as well as isotopic ratios of total nitrogen (TN) and total carbon (TC). Increased concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and diethylammonium (DEA+) at 40–44° N and subtropical regions (10–20° N) together with averaged satellite chlorophyll-a data and 5-day back trajectories suggest a significant influence of marine biological activities on aerosols in these regions. ON exhibited incre ...
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Atmospheric degradation of 3-methylfuran: kinetic and products study
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Tapia A.; Villanueva F.; Salgado M.S.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011A study of the kinetics and products obtained from the reactions of 3-methylfuran with the main atmospheric oxidants has been performed. The rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of 3-methylfuran with OH and NO3 radicals have been determined at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (air and N2 as bath gases), using a relative method with different experimental techniques. The rate coefficients obtained for these reactions were (in units cm3 molecule−1 s−1) kOH = (1.13 ± 0.22) × 10−10 and kNO3 = (1.26 ± 0.18) × 10−11. Products from the reaction of 3-methylfuran with OH, NO3 and Cl at ...
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Saharan and Asian dust: similarities and differences determined by CALIPSO, AERONET, and a coupled climate-aerosol microphysical model
This study compares the properties of atmospheric dust from the Saharan deserts and the Asian deserts using data from CALIPSO and AERONET during 2006 and 2007 along with simulations using a coupled climate-microphysical sectional model. Saharan deserts are largely south of 30° N, while Asian ones are primarily north of 30° N, hence they experience different meteorological regimes. Saharan dust lifting occurs all year long, primarily due to subtropical weather systems. However, Asian dust is lifted mostly in spring when mid-latitude frontal systems lead to high winds. Rainfall is more abundant ...
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New particle formation events in semi-clean South African savannah
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 7. Vakkari V.; Laakso H.; Kulmala M.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011This study is based on 18 months (20 July 2006–5 February 2008) of continuous measurements of aerosol particle size distributions, air ion size distributions, trace gas concentrations and basic meteorology in a semi-clean savannah environment in Republic of South Africa. New particle formation and growth was observed on 69% of the days and bursts of non-growing ions/sub-10 nm particles on additional 14% of the days. This new particle formation frequency is the highest reported from boundary layer so far. Also the new particle formation and growth rates were among the highest reported in the li ...
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Gases com efeito de estufa, redução das emissões
Esporo, N° 151. CTA, 2011De acordo com um estudo realizado, seria possível diminuir o total das emissões relacionadas com o gado, em cerca de 12%, mediante simples melhoramentos na produção.
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Greenhouse gases, curbing emissions
Spore: the magazine for agricultural and rural development in ACP countries, N° 151. CTA, 2011Some 12% of total livestock-related emissions could be cut with simple improvements in production, says a study.
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Gaz à effet de serre, résorber les émissions
Spore: le magazine du développement agricole et rural des pays ACP, N°151. CTA, 2011D’après une étude, quelque 12 % des émissions totales imputables au bétail pourraient être supprimés grâce à de simples améliorations de la production, incluant l’adoption de pâtures plus nutritives et l’ajout de faibles quantités de résidus de récoltes ou de céréales.
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Corrigendum to "Controls of carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes above central London" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1913–1928, 2011
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Vol. 11. N° 5. Helfter C.; Famulari D.; Phillips G.J.; et al. - Copernicus GmbH, 2011
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