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Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 16: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2019 году
В настоящем бюллетене представлены результаты самого последнего анализа наблюдений, проведенных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО. В нем приводятся глобально усредненные приземные мольные доли двуокиси углерода (CO2), метана (CH4) и закиси азота (N2O) и проведено их сравнение с мольными долями за предыдущий год и с доиндустриальными уровнями. Бюллетень также дает представление об изменении радиационного воздействия долгоживущих парниковых газов (ДПГ) и о вкладе отдельных газов в это увеличение.
لمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2019
تمثل هذه النشرة أحدث تحليل لعمليات الرصد التي ينفذها برنامج المراقبة العالمية للغلاف الجوي التابع للمنظمة. كما أنها تبين المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزيئية السطحية لثاني أكسيد الكربون والميثان وأكسيد النيتروز وتقارنها بالكسور الجزيئية للعام السابق وبمستويات ما قبل العصر الصناعي. وتقدم أيضاً رؤى حول التغير في القصر الإشعاعي لغازات الاحتباس الحراري طويلة العمر ومساهمة فرادى الغازات في هذه الزيادة
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第16期: 基于2019年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2020本公报是对WMO GAW计划观测结果的最新分析。它展示了二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的全球平均表面摩尔分数，并将之与上一年和工业化前水平的摩尔分数进行了比较。公报还提供关于长寿命温室气体(LLGHG)辐射强迫的变化以及各气体对这一增长的贡献的见解。
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°16: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2019
El presente Boletín contiene el análisis más reciente de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de Vigilancia de la Atmósfera Global (VAG) de la Organización Meteorológica Mundial. En él se exponen los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie del dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O) y se comparan con las fracciones molares del año anterior y con las concentraciones de la era preindustrial. También se proporciona información sobre el incremento en el forzamiento radiativo causado por los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de larga d ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°16: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2019
Cette édition du Bulletin contient la toute dernière analyse des observations recueillies dans le cadre du Programme de la Veille de l’atmosphère globale de l’OMM. Elle présente les fractions molaires en surface à l'échelle du globe du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O), et les compare avec les valeurs de l’année précédente et de l’époque préindustrielle. Elle donne également un aperçu de l’évolution du forçage radiatif induit par les gaz à effet de serre persistants ainsi que de la contribution de chaque gaz à cette augmentation.
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No. 16: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2019
This Bulletin represents the latest analysis of observations from the WMO GAW Programme. It shows globally averaged surface mole fractions for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and compares them with the mole fractions during the previous year and with the preindustrial levels. It also provides insights on the change in radiative forcing by long-lived GHGs (LLGHGs) and contribution of individual gases to this increase.
GCOS, 235. Report of the 9th Session of the GTN-H Panel
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Council for Science (ICSU) - WMO, 2020
GAW Report, 253/Research Infrastructure Quality Assurance. International Comparison of Dobson Spectrophotometers
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Comparison of Dobson Spectrophotometers, Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa, 7-18 October 2019 - WMO, 2020
GAW Report, 250. Global Atmosphere Watch Expert Meeting on Measurement-Model Fusion for Global Total Atmospheric Deposition (MMF-GTAD)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Global Atmosphere Watch Expert Meeting on Measurement-Model Fusion for Global Total Atmospheric Deposition (MMF-GTAD) (26-27 February 2019; Geneva, Switzerland) - WMO, 2020
GCOS, 232. Report of the twenty-seventh session of the WMO-IOC-UNEP-ISC steering committee for GCOS
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2020
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No. 15: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2018
Measurements of the content of radiocarbon (14C) in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) provide a unique way to discriminate between fossil fuel combustion and natural sources of CO2. Simultaneous observations of CO2 and 14C demonstrate the decline of 14C content in atmospheric CO2 caused by CO2 addition from fossil fuel combustion. This finding illustrates the importance of long-term measurements of atmospheric composition by laboratories involved in the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme in helping identify greenhouse gas emission sources.
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°15: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2018
Las mediciones del contenido de radiocarbono (14C) en el dióxido de carbono atmosférico (CO2) ofrecen una manera singular de distinguir entre la quema de combustibles fósiles y las fuentes naturales de CO2 . Las observaciones simultáneas de CO2 y 14C demuestran la disminución del contenido de 14C en el CO2 atmosférico provocada por la incorporación de CO2 procedente de la quema de combustibles fósiles. Este hallazgo pone de relieve la importancia de las mediciones a largo plazo de la composición atmosférica realizadas por los laboratorios que participan en el Programa de la Vigilancia de la At ...![]()
GAW Report, 248. Twelfth Intercomparison Campaign of the Regional Brewer Calibration Center Europe
The Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), which is part of the State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), represents a centre of excellence in atmospheric science. It manages four observatories in Tenerife, including the high altitude Izaña Observatory, which was inaugurated in 1916 and has since carried out uninterrupted meteorological and climatological observations and become a WMO Centennial Station.
This report summarizes the many activities of the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center.
GAW Report, 247. Izaña Atmospheric Research Center : Activity Report 2017-2018
The Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), which is part of the State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), represents a centre of excellence in atmospheric science. It manages four observatories in Tenerife, including the high altitude Izaña Observatory, which was inaugurated in 1916 and has since carried out uninterrupted meteorological and climatological observations and become a WMO Centennial Station.
This report summarizes the many activities of the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center.
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第14期: 基于2018年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2019宇宙射线会在高层大气中产生极少量的 14CO2。14C具有放射性且缓慢衰减，其半 衰期为5700年，造成在大气CO2中以及在 由CO2形成的植物体中有少量但可测出的 14C含量。化石燃料是由数百万年前的植物 体所形成，因此，如果植物存活，在其留 在地壳中时，任何14C已开始衰变。
لمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2018
الكربون في الغلاف الجوي وفي المواد النباتیة التي تتكون من ثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ). وقد تكوَّن الوقود الأحفوري من مواد نباتیة منذ ملایین السنین، ومن ثم فإن أي كربون مشع ( 14C ) كان موجوداً عندما كانت النباتات حیّة قد تحلل منذ ذلك الحین أثناء بقاء تلك النباتات في قشرة الأرض
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 15: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2018 г.
Измерения концентрации радиоактивного углерода (14C) в составе атмосферного углекислого газа (CO2) дают уникальный способ отличить продукты сжигания ископаемого топлива от природных источников CO2. Одновременные наблюдения за CO2 и 14C свидетельствуют о снижении содержания 14C в атмосферном CO2, вызванном выбросом в атмосферу дополнительных объемов CO2 в результате сжигания ископаемого топлива. Этот вывод иллюстрирует важность проведения долгосрочных измерений состава атмосферы лабораториями, участвующими в Программе Глобальной службы атмосферы ВМО (ГСА), для содействия установлению источников ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°15: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2018
Les mesures de la teneur en radiocarbone (14C) dans le dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique (CO2) fournissent un moyen unique d’établir une distinction entre la combustion de matières fossiles et les sources naturelles de CO2. Des observations simultanées du CO2 et du 14C font état d’une diminution de la teneur en 14C dans le CO2 atmosphérique due à l’ajout de CO2 provenant de la combustion de matières fossiles. Cette découverte illustre l’importance des mesures à long terme de la composition de l’atmosphère effectuées par les laboratoires qui participent au Programme de la Veille de l’atmosphère ...
GCOS, 230. Report of the Eleventh GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-11)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2019CESM Distance Learning Course
The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a fully-coupled, community, global climate model that provides state-of-the-art computer simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future climate states. The CESM Distance Learning Course is based on the CESM Tutorial held annually at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. This course consists of 12 lectures and 4 practical sessions on simulating the climate system and practical sessions on running Community Earth System Model (CESM), modifying components, and analyzing data. The course is targeted at the graduat ...Introducing the FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 Satellite System - Next Generation Observations for Weather and Climate
The latest-generation Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2) provides high-resolution observations of Earth's atmosphere, including the ionosphere. In this video, scientists and mission planners introduce the instrumentation used and describe the collaborations that made the COSMIC-2 mission possible. These experts describe how COSMIC uses a technique called radio occultation—making use of existing navigation satellite signals passing through the atmosphere to provide detailed measurements of temperature, pressure, and water vapor. They ex ...Satellite Signals from Space: Smart Science for Understanding Weather and Climate
Want to know about COSMIC, and how satellite signals can provide information about Earth's atmosphere? This video provides anyone interested in the topic with a brief overview of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate, called COSMIC. Targeted to students and teachers in Grades 5-9 but accessible to anyone, the video introduces the latest COSMIC mission (COSMIC-2), which uses satellites orbiting near Earth to measure how the atmosphere affects signals from global positioning system (GPS) satellites high above the surface. This technique is called radio occul ...
GCOS, 218. 23rd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-23)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
IOM Report, 128. Interlaboratory Comparison in the field of Temperature, Humidity and Pressure, in the WMO Regional Association VI (MM-ILC-2015-THP)
The subject of this report is evaluation of the interlaboratory comparison in the field of measurement of temperature, humidity and pressure. The interlaboratory comparison was held within the framework of the MeteoMet 2 project, in the scope of proficiency testing scheme organized by the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Metrology and Quality (UL-FE/LMK), except pressure part. All the analysis were done in accordance with accredited procedures.
Low-cost sensors for the measurement of atmospheric composition: overview of topic and future applications : valid as of May 2018
This report considers sensors that are designed for the measurement of atmospheric composition at ambient concentrations focusing on reactive gaseous air pollutants (CO, NOx, O3, SO2), particulate matter (PM) and greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4. It examines example applications where new scientific and technical insight may potentially be gained from using a network of sensors when compared to more sparsely located observations. Access to low-cost sensors appears to offer exciting new atmospheric applications, can support new services and potentially facilitates the inclusion of a new cohort of u ...Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Humidity
This lesson provides an overview of the science and techniques related to measuring humidity, or the amount of water vapor, in Earth's atmosphere. After beginning with a review of the units used for humidity, the learner will examine the three main types of hygrometers (material, thermodynamic, and optical) and explore instruments within each of these categories. The lesson provides information about the advantages and limitations of various humidity instruments. The effects of siting, sheltering, and ventilation on humidity measurements are also addressed. The lesson is part of the Instrument ...Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
This lesson provides information about current science and technologies for measuring atmosphere pressure. The lesson begins by reviewing the key physical laws governing atmospheric pressure, including Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. Then, it explores typical requirements and uncertainty parameters related to atmospheric pressure sensors and provides details about the components of pressure sensors, including fluidic, mechanical, and electronic transducers. The lesson is part of the Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Parameters course series.
GAW Report, 243. Report of the Fifth Erythemal UV Radiometers Intercomparison
This report presents the background information, procedures and results of the intercomparison of erythemal UV sensors carried out at the Central Observatory of Buenos Aires (OCBA) in 2018 against reference radiometers calibrated at the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) in Davos during 2017. In this way, the data obtained at the measurement sites will be standardized and will be comparable locally and globally. Twenty sensors were calibrated, belonging to Argentine monitoring and research institutions. The associated relative uncertainty of each sensor was also estimated.
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 14: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2017 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(1), рассчитанные на основании данных этой сети наблюдений in situ для двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O), достигли в 2017 году новых максимумов, причем для CO2 он составил 405,5 ± 0,1 млн−1(2), для CH4 — 1859 ± 2 млрд−1(3), а для N2O — 329,9 ± 0,1 млрд−1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 146 %, 257 % и 122 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (до 1750 года) уровням. Увеличение содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2016 по 2017 год был ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°14: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2017
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de la VAG de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie1) calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O), alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2017 al registrar 405,5 ± 0,1 ppm2) para el CO2, 1859 ± 2 ppb3) para el CH4 y 329,9 ± 0,1 ppb para el N2O, lo que representa, respectivamente, el 146 %, el 257 % y el 122 % de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). El aumento de CO2 de 2016 a 2017 fue inferior al observado d ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°14: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2017
La toute derniere analyse des donnees d’observation recueillies par le reseau in situ du Programme de la VAG de l’OMM revele qu’a l’echelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface1) du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du methane (CH4) et du protoxyde d’azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2017, s’etablissant respectivement a 405,5}0,1 ppm2), 1 859}2 ppb3) et 329,9}0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs representent respectivement 146 %, 257 % et 122 % des niveaux preindustriels (avant 1750). Le taux d’accroissement du CO2 entre 2016 et 2017 etait moins eleve qu’entre 2015 et 2016 et pratiquement egal a l ...
GAW Report, 242. 19th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2017)
The meeting reviewed current WMO data quality objectives, reference scales and observation strategies, including calibration, quality control, data management and archiving. Target species were carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon in greenhouse gas measurements. The workshop discussed in detail the harmonization and quality control of isotope measurements, the extension of the measurement network towards more polluted and urban areas, the use of low-cost sensors, and the collaboration of the scientific greenhouse gas and carbon cycle community with the me ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No. 14: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2017
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO GAW Programme shows that globally averaged surface mole fractions(1) calculated from this in situ network for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2017, with CO2 at 405.5 ± 0.1 ppm(2), CH4 at 1859 ± 2 ppb(3) and N2O at 329.9 ± 0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 146%, 257% and 122% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The increase in CO2 from 2016 to 2017 was smaller than that observed from 2015 to 2016 and practically equal to the average growth rate over the last decade. The influence ...
GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 97. The magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the ocean
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - WMO, 2018The present global modelling study of the Nr atmospheric cycle and Nr deposition to the ocean is the first that evaluates past, present and future Nr atmospheric deposition accounting for ON primary sources as well as for secondary ON chemical formation as a N-dependent process. While the total Nr deposition to the ocean is not expected to change significantly by 2050, the relative importance of oxidized and reduced N is expected to change, with an increasing proportion of ammonium compared to nitrate, resulting from more efficient controls on terrestrial emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) com ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第14期: 基于2017年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2018对WMO GAW计划的观测资料进行的最新分析表明，利用该实地网络的资料计算出的二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的全球平均表面摩尔分数(1) 在2017年创下了新高，其中CO2为405.5 ± 0.1 ppm(2)、CH4为1859 ± 2 ppb(3)以及N2O为329.9 ± 0.1 ppb。这些数值分别是工业化前（1750年之前）水平的146%、257% 和122%。2016年至2017年的CO2增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。厄尔尼诺事件的影响在2015年和2016年达到峰值并推动了这一时期的增长率上升，但该事件在2017年的影响骤降。关于CH4，2016年至2017年的增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，但几乎等于过去十年的平均值。关于N2O，2016年至2017年的增幅高于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。NOAA年度温室气体指数（AGGI）[4]显示，从1990年至2017年，长寿命温室气体（LLGHG）辐射强迫增加了41%，其中CO2约占这一增幅的82%。
لمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2017
یتبین من أحدث تحلیل للرصدات من برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي ( GAW ) أن المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزیئیة( 1) المحسوب من ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ) والمیثان CH4) ) وأكسید النیتروز ( N2O ) قد بلغ مستویات مرتفعة جدیدة في عام 2017 ، بحیث بلغ المتوسط فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون 405.5 ± 0.1 جزء في الملیون( 2)، وفیما یتعلق بالمیثان 1859 ± 2 جزء في البلیون( 3)، وفیما یتعلق بأكسید النیتروز 329.9 ± 0.1 جزء في البلیون. وتشكل ھذه القیَم، على التوالي، 146 في المائة و 257 في المائة و 122 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (أي ما قبل عام 1750 ). وكانت الزیادة ...GCOS, 220. Report of the Tenth GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation and Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-10)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
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Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам 
