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世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第14期: 基于2017年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2018对WMO GAW计划的观测资料进行的最新分析表明，利用该实地网络的资料计算出的二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的全球平均表面摩尔分数(1) 在2017年创下了新高，其中CO2为405.5 ± 0.1 ppm(2)、CH4为1859 ± 2 ppb(3)以及N2O为329.9 ± 0.1 ppb。这些数值分别是工业化前（1750年之前）水平的146%、257% 和122%。2016年至2017年的CO2增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。厄尔尼诺事件的影响在2015年和2016年达到峰值并推动了这一时期的增长率上升，但该事件在2017年的影响骤降。关于CH4，2016年至2017年的增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，但几乎等于过去十年的平均值。关于N2O，2016年至2017年的增幅高于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。NOAA年度温室气体指数（AGGI）[4]显示，从1990年至2017年，长寿命温室气体（LLGHG）辐射强迫增加了41%，其中CO2约占这一增幅的82%。
لمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2017
یتبین من أحدث تحلیل للرصدات من برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي ( GAW ) أن المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزیئیة( 1) المحسوب من ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ) والمیثان CH4) ) وأكسید النیتروز ( N2O ) قد بلغ مستویات مرتفعة جدیدة في عام 2017 ، بحیث بلغ المتوسط فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون 405.5 ± 0.1 جزء في الملیون( 2)، وفیما یتعلق بالمیثان 1859 ± 2 جزء في البلیون( 3)، وفیما یتعلق بأكسید النیتروز 329.9 ± 0.1 جزء في البلیون. وتشكل ھذه القیَم، على التوالي، 146 في المائة و 257 في المائة و 122 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (أي ما قبل عام 1750 ). وكانت الزیادة ...
Guía para la aplicación de sistemas de gestión de la calidad para los Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales y otros proveedores de servicios pertinentes
El objetivo del presente documento es ofrecer orientación sobre la elaboración y la aplicación de un sistema de gestión de la calidad con el fin de garantizar y mejorar la calidad de los productos y Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales (SMHN). Asimismo tiene por objeto describir con detalle los pasos necesarios para obtener el certificado de conformidad del sistema de gestión de la calidad de una organización de acuerdo con la norma de la Organización Internacional de Normalización (ISO) ISO 9001:2008 Sistemas de gestión de la calidad. Requisitos (ISO 9001). La presente Guía se b ...
التحديات في الانتقال من الشبكات التقليدية إلى الشبكات الأوتوماتية لرصد الأحوال الجوية من أجل السجلات المناخية طويلة الأجل
نُشرت بالفعل (WMO, 2007) توجيهات لإدارة التغيرات في برامج رصد المناخ، مع مجموعة ممارسات موصى بها يمكن بواسطتها إدارة هذه التغيرات. وسينصب التركيز في هذه المذكرة التوجيهية على محطات الأرصاد الجوية الأوتوماتية (AWSs) التي يرجح أن تشكل جزءاً من السجلات المناخية طويلة الأمد. وستكون هذه السجلات عادة مملوكة للمرافق الوطنية للأرصاد الجوية والهيدرولوجيا (NMHSs) أو للوكالات المنتسبة لها، أو لأطراف أخرى أحياناً (من قبيل هيئات الطيران أو الزراعة أو النقل البري) في إطار المعايير التي تقرها المرافق الوطنية (NMHSs). وتثبت التجربة أن المحطات (AWSs) الخاصة يمكن أن تكون مفيدة لبعض الأغراض المناخية (مثل توفير م ...
Desafíos en la transición de las redes de observaciones meteorológicas convencionales a las automáticas en registros climáticos a largo plazo
Ya se han publicado las Directrices para la gestión de las modificaciones en los programas de observación del clima, que incluyen un conjunto de prácticas recomendadas conforme a las cuales pueden gestionarse dichas modificaciones (OMM, 2007). La presente nota orientativa se centrará en las EMA que probablemente formarán parte de registros climáticos de largo plazo. En general, serán de propiedad de los SMHN u organismos conexos, o a veces de terceros (por ejemplo, organismos de aviación, agricultura o transporte por carretera) de conformidad con las normas adoptadas por los SMHN. La experienc ...
L’automatisation des réseaux d’observation météorologique et ses répercussions sur la surveillance à long terme du climat
L’OMM a déjà publié des directives assorties de pratiques recommandées pour la gestion des changements apportés aux programmes d’observation du climat (OMM, 2007). La présente publication met l’accent sur les SMA qui seront probablement utilisées pour l’établissement de relevés climatologiques sur le long terme. Ces stations seront en principe détenues par des SMHN ou des organismes qui leur sont associés, voire par des tiers (organismes opérant dans les secteurs de l’aviation, de l’agriculture ou du transport routier par exemple), selon des modalités approuvées par les SMHN. L’expérience mont ...
Сложности при переходе с традиционных метеорологических наблюдательных сетей на автоматические для длительных климатических наблюдений
Руководящие принципы управления изменениями в программах климатических наблюдений с набором рекомендуемых практик, с помощью которых можно управлять такими изменениями, уже были опубликованы (WMO, 2007). В данной директивной записке основное внимание уделяется тем АМС, которые могут стать частью долгосрочных климатических записей. Обычно они принадлежат НМГС или ассоциированным агентствам, а иногда третьим сторонам (например, авиационным, сельскохозяйственным или автотранспортным агентствам) в соответствии со стандартами, одобренными НМГС. Опыт показывает, что частные АМС могут быть полезны дл ...
长期气候记录从常规气象观测网向自动气象观 测网过渡中的挑战
世界气象组织 (WMO) - WMO, 2017WMO已经发布了管理气候观测计划变化的指导原则，其中有一套可以管理这种变化的建议做法（WMO，2007）。本指南将侧重于那些可能构成长期气候记录一部分的AWS。这些AWS 通常由NMHS 或相关机构所有，或有时由第三方（如航空、农业或公路运输机构）根据NMHS认可的标准拥有。经验表明，私人AWS对某些气候目的是有用的（如提供个别局地尺度的极端事件信息），但很少能达到所需的记录长度、准确性或敞度标准，或场地和仪器的长期稳定性，不可能对十年或更长的时间尺度的监测有很大价值。
Challenges in the Transition from Conventional to Automatic Meteorological Observing Networks for Long-term Climate Records
Guidelines for managing changes in climate observation programmes, with a set of recommended practices by which such changes can be managed, have already been published (WMO, 2007). This guidance note will focus on those AWSs likely to form part of long-term climate records. These will normally be owned by NMHSs or associated agencies, or sometimes by third parties (such as aviation, agriculture or road transport agencies) under standards endorsed by the NMHSs. Experience shows that private AWSs can be useful for some climate purposes (such as providing information on individual local-scale ex ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.13: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2016
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO GAW Programme shows that globally averaged surface mole fractions(2) calculated from this in situ network for CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2016, with CO2 at 403.3 ± 0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1 853 ± 2 ppb(3) and N2O at 328.9 ± 0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 145%, 257% and 122% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The record increase of 3.3 ppm in CO2 from 2015 to 2016 was larger than the previous record increase, observed from 2012 to 2013, and the average growth rate over the last decade. The El Niño ...
Guide du système mondial d'observation
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) - OMM, 2017 (édition 2010, mise à jour en 2017; OMM-No. 488)Le présent guide a pour objet premier de fournir des renseignements pratiques sur l’élaboration, l’organisation, la mise en oeuvre et l’exploitation du Système mondial d’observation afin d’encourager la participation de tous les Membres à ce dernier et d’optimiser son utilité pour chacun d’eux. Ce guide, qui explique et décrit les pratiques, les procédures et les spécifications du SMO, vise à aider le personnel technique et administratif responsable, dans les Services météorologiques nationaux, des réseaux de stations d’observation, à élaborer les instructions pour l’observation au plan nation ...
Guide to the Implementation of Quality Management Systems for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services and Other Relevant Service Providers
The objective of this publication is to provide guidance to WMO Members on how to develop and implement a quality management system (QMS). The Guide details the steps required to obtain certification of compliance with the ISO standard ISO 9001:2015, Quality Management System – Requirements (ISO, 2015c)It also provides the steps for transition from ISO standard ISO 9001:2008 (ISO, 2008) to standard ISO 9001:2015 (ISO, 2015c). It is especially focused on WMO Member National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). However, it could be successfully utilized by other service providers, ...
Guidelines on the Role, Operation and Management of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services
These Guidelines are intended to provide a one-stop, consistent and contemporary reference resource from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for managers of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). They should help with many of the challenges that directors and managers of NMHSs face, including:
– Ensuring that the NMHS is able to meet national needs for meteorological, hydrological and related data and services;
– Responding to newly identified challenges in a rapidly changing world;
– Clarifying and articulating the mandate of the NMHS;
– ...
IOM Report, 126. Quality Assessment using METEO-Cert : The MeteoSwiss Classification Procedure for Automatic Weather Stations
It this report, METEO-Cert and its application is described. The METEO-Cert process assigns qualitative flags to each station and its instruments. Those qualitative flags provide valuable information on the applicability of the measured data and help to identify potential improvement of the station’s exposure.
Basic Satellite Imagery Interpretation
This lesson teaches the basics of satellite image interpretation to forecasters, meteorology students, and other interested learners, with an emphasis on the African region. It begins by briefly describing visible, infrared, and water vapour channels, as well as RGBs and derived products. From there, it teaches learners how to interpret clouds and surface features using various channels and products. This sets the stage for the final section, where learners practice identifying features using assorted imagery and products. The lesson uses Meteosat Second Generation imagery over Africa and, to ...
Gravity for Geodesy II: Applications
Gravity is an important part of geodesy, with implications for height measurements and many other applications. In this module, we explore the concept of equipotential surfaces and relate them to gravity. Then we discuss geodetic applications that rely on accurate gravity measurements, including leveling surveys and floodplain mapping. We introduce a special surface based on gravity, called the gravimetric geoid, and explain why we want to use it as a reference datum. We discuss how to measure Earth’s gravity and introduce you to the National Geodetic Survey’s GRAV-D project, including how and ...
Training Tutorials and Datasets for GOES-R/JPSS New Generation Satellite Aerosol Products
These free training resources include video tutorials as well as case studies with accompanying data and imagery. The resources introduce the new generation of aerosol products available from the JPSS series of polar-orbiting satellites (SNPP/VIIRS) and the GOES-R series of geostationary satellites (GOES-16/ABI). Users will learn about the types of satellite aerosol products available, including aerosol optical depth/thickness (AOD/AOT) and aerosol detection (smoke/dust masks), as well as complimentary satellite products, such as fire radiative power (FRP) hotspots and visible color imagery (R ...
Statistical Methods in the NWS National Blend of Global Models Part 2
This lesson introduces users to the statistics used in generating the various weather element forecasts included in version 2 and 3 of the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) National Blend of Global Models (NBM). This Level 3 lesson is intended for forecasters and users of NWS forecast products; some prior knowledge of numerical weather prediction and statistics is useful. Learners will be introduced to the analysis of record used to calibrate the NBM’s bias and error estimates. Learners will also explore the bias correction, weighting, and post-processing procedures used to produce the forec ...
COSMIC: Atmospheric Remote Sensing for Weather, Climate, and the Ionosphere
This video provides an introduction to the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), including information about the COSMIC-2 mission. COSMIC uses a technique called radio occultation to profile temperature, water vapor, and ionospheric information within Earth's atmosphere. The high-quality, high-resolution data contribute to improvements in numerical weather prediction, hurricane forecasts, climate studies, and ionospheric analyses. This full video resource covering COSMIC data and science is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel. A short video highlightin ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Geostationary Lightning Mapper
In this webinar recording Scott Rudlosky and Geoffrey Stano discuss and demonstrate the capabilities of the GOES-R/16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) in both operational and research applications. You will learn how the GLM, the first lightning mapper in geostationary orbit, differs from land-based lightning detection. The presenters summarize important processes known as lightning events, group, flashes, and lightning jumps and show products that illustrate the location and areal extent of lightning, and its evolution in cloud systems. With this information you should be able to integrat ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Severe Storms
In this webinar recording, Michael Bowlan explains how GOES-R/16 can help improve forecasts of severe storms and provide forecasters with real-time information about lightning, flooding potential and other hazards. The high-resolution Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) data can indicate whether thunderstorm updrafts are gathering strength or weakening, helping aid forecasters in making warning decisions. The ABI can also aid in identifying storms and convective complexes that have stalled or are “training”, which can signal a flood risk and help forecasters issue flood or flash flood warnings soon ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Tropical Cyclones
In this webinar recording, Andrea Schumacher demonstrates the GOES-R series' new capabilities for real-time tropical cyclone analysis and monitoring, which will contribute significantly to improved hurricane track and intensity forecasts. The GOES-16 imager will provide dramatic new views of tropical cyclone phenomena, offering vastly improved time and spatial resolution as well as color composite images to enhance cloud bands and other features. This webinar will also explore the role of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) in helping identify areas of strong thunderstorms associated with ...
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature
This lesson offers a comprehensive overview of temperature measurement as related to the atmosphere, bodies of water, soils, and other parts of Earth’s surface. The lesson begins by defining temperature and why it is an important property to characterize. It provides details about the properties and characteristics of sensors used for temperature measurements and the advantages and disadvantages of different sensors depending on the application. Lastly, the lesson outlines the methods used for measuring different types of temperature, from soil to the free atmosphere.
Web-Based Ensemble Tools: Ensemble Situational Awareness Table
The National Weather Service (NWS) Western Region (WR) has developed a Ensemble Situational Awareness Table (ESAT), which uses probabilistic NWP to bring attention to the potential for extreme events, especially in middle-range forecasts. The lesson, which is the first of two on the ESAT, describes the ESAT and how its data can be used to support assessment of extreme weather event forecasts. Additionally, statistical methods, including employment of reanalysis and NWP model climatologies (R-Climate and M-Climate, respectively) are described in reference to the products available in the ESAT.
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Multispectral RGB Composites
In this webinar recording Dr. Emily Berndt and Dr. Michael Folmer discuss the capabilities of the GOES-R/16 Red-Green-Blue (RGB) composites. Multispectral or RGB composites are qualitative, false color images designed to enhance specific features in the atmosphere that are important to forecasters, aviators, mariners, and emergency response officials. RGB composites have been enthusiastically integrated into forecast operations because of their ability to highlight the presence and evolution of important forecast phenomena. This presentation details the development of RGB composites and provid ...
Using Climatology in Forecasting Convection in West and Central Africa
This case-study lesson provides an opportunity to apply the information in the ASMET lesson “Satellite-Derived Climatology Products for Monitoring Convection Over West and Central Africa” to a case that occurred over West and Central Africa in June 2014. It demonstrates how to integrate climatology information with satellite, global instability indices (GII), and NWP data when convection is forecast to occur.
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Advanced Baseline Imager
In this webinar recording, Tim Schmit demonstrates the improved temporal, spatial, spectral and calibration attributes of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the GOES-R series. The main uses for each of the sixteen spectral bands will be covered, using examples from the recently launched GOES-16 ABI. Imagery and data loops for various types of atmospheric phenomena will be presented to illustrate the improved spectral capabilities and higher temporal and spatial resolution of the ABI. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instructor at his home institution. Audio variations may exist.
Met 101: Basic Weather Processes
This lesson provides an overview of basic weather processes, beginning with how the distribution of incoming solar energy helps to establish Earth’s atmospheric circulations. Learners will gain an understanding of the differences between weather and climate, and how Earth’s winds tend to have dominant patterns determined by region. An introduction to atmospheric stability, clouds, precipitation processes, and thunderstorm characteristics is also included, along with an introduction to weather impacts affecting aviation operations.
GOES-R Launch Workshop for Broadcast Meteorologists, November 2016
This lesson consists of presentations by nine professionals from NOAA and NASA recorded at the GOES-R Workshop for Broadcast Meteorologists at Kennedy Space Center. The workshop was offered by StormCenter Communications, Inc. in partnership with the COMET Program in conjunction with the November 2016 GOES-R launch. These presentations introduce broadcast meteorologists to the new capabilities of this next-generation weather satellite and cover topics including new instrumentation and data available via the GOES-R series, and how the imagery will improve forecasting. After completing this lesso ...
Foundations of Meteorological Instrumentation and Measurements
This lesson provides an introduction to the instrumentation used for meteorological measurements. Aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in meteorology and the atmospheric sciences, it examines the types of observing systems available to measure temperature, pressure, humidity, trace gases, clouds and aerosols, winds, precipitation, and radiation. Learners will explore the main components of an instrument and become acquainted with performance characteristics including types of errors. This introductory lesson provides a foundation for more detailed training focused on measurement of spe ...
Advances in Space-Based Nighttime Visible Observation, 2nd Edition
This updated one-hour lesson explores the types of atmospheric and surface features that can be observed at night. It describes recent technical improvements in nighttime visible imaging with the VIIRS Day/Night Band on board the Suomi NPP and JPSS satellites, and the lunar phases and other conditions necessary for effective nighttime visible imaging. This lays the foundation for the rest of the lesson, which explores operational uses of nighttime visible observations. These include the detection and monitoring of city lights, tropical cyclones, fog and stratus, polar nights, auroras, fires an ...
Introduction to EPS Theory
This lesson introduces the concepts needed to understand and use ensemble prediction system (EPS) products. It describes basic statistical quantities and methods used to develop EPS products, such as probability distribution functions (PDFs) and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). From there, it discusses ways of using EPS products compared to deterministic products. The final section briefly introduces nine common EPS products. The lesson is a prerequisite for the EPS Products Reference Guide.
Forecasting Aviation Convective Impacts with INSITE
The National Weather Service (NWS) has developed the INSITE tool (INtegrated Support for Impacted air-Traffic Environments) to improve NWS convective impact forecasts by providing functionality that enables forecasters to include more precise impact areas in aviation convective weather forecast products. The tool lets forecasters identify potential constraints to the National Airspace System by combining forecast weather and air-traffic data. Improved convective weather forecast products can reduce delays in air-traffic and increase efficiency in the National Airspace System (NAS). In this 45- ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: RapidScan Imaging
In this webinar recording, Dr. Dan Lindsey presents GOES-16/GOES-R 30-second and 1-minute rapid scan imagery to demonstrate unprecedented views of convection, wildfire, storm intensification, and other quickly-evolving features. GOES-16 rapid scan also enables cloud and feature tracking in and around tropical cyclones. The webinar includes examples of how rapid scan sectors may be prioritized and selected by the National Weather Service. Instructions about how to obtain and use archived data are also provided. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instructor at his home institution. Audio ...
Communicating Forecast Uncertainty, European Case
This lesson is a follow-on to COMET’s Communicating Forecast Uncertainty lesson, which introduces research findings on the effective communication of uncertainty information and enables learners to apply them to a North American case. This lesson focuses on a European winter weather case and provides an additional opportunity to evaluate end-user needs and formulate effective responses to their questions based on the research findings. Learners are strongly encouraged to take Communicating Forecast Uncertainty before starting this lesson. The lesson is aimed at experienced forecasters with kno ...
GOES-16 Case Exercise: 8 May 2017 Colorado Hail Event
GOES-16, the first satellite in the GOES-R series, launched in November 2016 and now provides 16 multispectral bands of satellite data, including CONUS scans every five minutes, with 0.5 kilometer visible imagery resolution and 2.0 km longwave infrared resolution. This lesson harnesses GOES-16’s increased temporal and spatial resolutions to identify convective development and intensity signatures on traditional longwave IR and visible band imagery, and compares the experience to using legacy GOES products. The lesson is geared toward early-career forecasters, those forecasters wanting more exp ...
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