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Guidelines on the Role, Operation and Management of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services
These Guidelines are intended to provide a one-stop, consistent and contemporary reference resource from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for managers of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). They should help with many of the challenges that directors and managers of NMHSs face, including:
– Ensuring that the NMHS is able to meet national needs for meteorological, hydrological and related data and services;
– Responding to newly identified challenges in a rapidly changing world;
– Clarifying and articulating the mandate of the NMHS;
– ...
IOM Report, 126. Quality Assessment using METEO-Cert : The MeteoSwiss Classification Procedure for Automatic Weather Stations
It this report, METEO-Cert and its application is described. The METEO-Cert process assigns qualitative flags to each station and its instruments. Those qualitative flags provide valuable information on the applicability of the measured data and help to identify potential improvement of the station’s exposure.
Basic Satellite Imagery Interpretation
This lesson teaches the basics of satellite image interpretation to forecasters, meteorology students, and other interested learners, with an emphasis on the African region. It begins by briefly describing visible, infrared, and water vapour channels, as well as RGBs and derived products. From there, it teaches learners how to interpret clouds and surface features using various channels and products. This sets the stage for the final section, where learners practice identifying features using assorted imagery and products. The lesson uses Meteosat Second Generation imagery over Africa and, to ...
Gravity for Geodesy II: Applications
Gravity is an important part of geodesy, with implications for height measurements and many other applications. In this module, we explore the concept of equipotential surfaces and relate them to gravity. Then we discuss geodetic applications that rely on accurate gravity measurements, including leveling surveys and floodplain mapping. We introduce a special surface based on gravity, called the gravimetric geoid, and explain why we want to use it as a reference datum. We discuss how to measure Earth’s gravity and introduce you to the National Geodetic Survey’s GRAV-D project, including how and ...
Training Tutorials and Datasets for GOES-R/JPSS New Generation Satellite Aerosol Products
These free training resources include video tutorials as well as case studies with accompanying data and imagery. The resources introduce the new generation of aerosol products available from the JPSS series of polar-orbiting satellites (SNPP/VIIRS) and the GOES-R series of geostationary satellites (GOES-16/ABI). Users will learn about the types of satellite aerosol products available, including aerosol optical depth/thickness (AOD/AOT) and aerosol detection (smoke/dust masks), as well as complimentary satellite products, such as fire radiative power (FRP) hotspots and visible color imagery (R ...
Statistical Methods in the NWS National Blend of Global Models Part 2
This lesson introduces users to the statistics used in generating the various weather element forecasts included in version 2 and 3 of the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) National Blend of Global Models (NBM). This Level 3 lesson is intended for forecasters and users of NWS forecast products; some prior knowledge of numerical weather prediction and statistics is useful. Learners will be introduced to the analysis of record used to calibrate the NBM’s bias and error estimates. Learners will also explore the bias correction, weighting, and post-processing procedures used to produce the forec ...
COSMIC: Atmospheric Remote Sensing for Weather, Climate, and the Ionosphere
This video provides an introduction to the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), including information about the COSMIC-2 mission. COSMIC uses a technique called radio occultation to profile temperature, water vapor, and ionospheric information within Earth's atmosphere. The high-quality, high-resolution data contribute to improvements in numerical weather prediction, hurricane forecasts, climate studies, and ionospheric analyses. This full video resource covering COSMIC data and science is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel. A short video highlightin ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Geostationary Lightning Mapper
In this webinar recording Scott Rudlosky and Geoffrey Stano discuss and demonstrate the capabilities of the GOES-R/16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) in both operational and research applications. You will learn how the GLM, the first lightning mapper in geostationary orbit, differs from land-based lightning detection. The presenters summarize important processes known as lightning events, group, flashes, and lightning jumps and show products that illustrate the location and areal extent of lightning, and its evolution in cloud systems. With this information you should be able to integrat ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Severe Storms
In this webinar recording, Michael Bowlan explains how GOES-R/16 can help improve forecasts of severe storms and provide forecasters with real-time information about lightning, flooding potential and other hazards. The high-resolution Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) data can indicate whether thunderstorm updrafts are gathering strength or weakening, helping aid forecasters in making warning decisions. The ABI can also aid in identifying storms and convective complexes that have stalled or are “training”, which can signal a flood risk and help forecasters issue flood or flash flood warnings soon ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Tropical Cyclones
In this webinar recording, Andrea Schumacher demonstrates the GOES-R series' new capabilities for real-time tropical cyclone analysis and monitoring, which will contribute significantly to improved hurricane track and intensity forecasts. The GOES-16 imager will provide dramatic new views of tropical cyclone phenomena, offering vastly improved time and spatial resolution as well as color composite images to enhance cloud bands and other features. This webinar will also explore the role of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) in helping identify areas of strong thunderstorms associated with ...
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature
This lesson offers a comprehensive overview of temperature measurement as related to the atmosphere, bodies of water, soils, and other parts of Earth’s surface. The lesson begins by defining temperature and why it is an important property to characterize. It provides details about the properties and characteristics of sensors used for temperature measurements and the advantages and disadvantages of different sensors depending on the application. Lastly, the lesson outlines the methods used for measuring different types of temperature, from soil to the free atmosphere.
Web-Based Ensemble Tools: Ensemble Situational Awareness Table
The National Weather Service (NWS) Western Region (WR) has developed a Ensemble Situational Awareness Table (ESAT), which uses probabilistic NWP to bring attention to the potential for extreme events, especially in middle-range forecasts. The lesson, which is the first of two on the ESAT, describes the ESAT and how its data can be used to support assessment of extreme weather event forecasts. Additionally, statistical methods, including employment of reanalysis and NWP model climatologies (R-Climate and M-Climate, respectively) are described in reference to the products available in the ESAT.
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Multispectral RGB Composites
In this webinar recording Dr. Emily Berndt and Dr. Michael Folmer discuss the capabilities of the GOES-R/16 Red-Green-Blue (RGB) composites. Multispectral or RGB composites are qualitative, false color images designed to enhance specific features in the atmosphere that are important to forecasters, aviators, mariners, and emergency response officials. RGB composites have been enthusiastically integrated into forecast operations because of their ability to highlight the presence and evolution of important forecast phenomena. This presentation details the development of RGB composites and provid ...
Using Climatology in Forecasting Convection in West and Central Africa
This case-study lesson provides an opportunity to apply the information in the ASMET lesson “Satellite-Derived Climatology Products for Monitoring Convection Over West and Central Africa” to a case that occurred over West and Central Africa in June 2014. It demonstrates how to integrate climatology information with satellite, global instability indices (GII), and NWP data when convection is forecast to occur.
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Advanced Baseline Imager
In this webinar recording, Tim Schmit demonstrates the improved temporal, spatial, spectral and calibration attributes of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the GOES-R series. The main uses for each of the sixteen spectral bands will be covered, using examples from the recently launched GOES-16 ABI. Imagery and data loops for various types of atmospheric phenomena will be presented to illustrate the improved spectral capabilities and higher temporal and spatial resolution of the ABI. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instructor at his home institution. Audio variations may exist.
Met 101: Basic Weather Processes
This lesson provides an overview of basic weather processes, beginning with how the distribution of incoming solar energy helps to establish Earth’s atmospheric circulations. Learners will gain an understanding of the differences between weather and climate, and how Earth’s winds tend to have dominant patterns determined by region. An introduction to atmospheric stability, clouds, precipitation processes, and thunderstorm characteristics is also included, along with an introduction to weather impacts affecting aviation operations.
GOES-R Launch Workshop for Broadcast Meteorologists, November 2016
This lesson consists of presentations by nine professionals from NOAA and NASA recorded at the GOES-R Workshop for Broadcast Meteorologists at Kennedy Space Center. The workshop was offered by StormCenter Communications, Inc. in partnership with the COMET Program in conjunction with the November 2016 GOES-R launch. These presentations introduce broadcast meteorologists to the new capabilities of this next-generation weather satellite and cover topics including new instrumentation and data available via the GOES-R series, and how the imagery will improve forecasting. After completing this lesso ...
Foundations of Meteorological Instrumentation and Measurements
This lesson provides an introduction to the instrumentation used for meteorological measurements. Aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in meteorology and the atmospheric sciences, it examines the types of observing systems available to measure temperature, pressure, humidity, trace gases, clouds and aerosols, winds, precipitation, and radiation. Learners will explore the main components of an instrument and become acquainted with performance characteristics including types of errors. This introductory lesson provides a foundation for more detailed training focused on measurement of spe ...
Advances in Space-Based Nighttime Visible Observation, 2nd Edition
This updated one-hour lesson explores the types of atmospheric and surface features that can be observed at night. It describes recent technical improvements in nighttime visible imaging with the VIIRS Day/Night Band on board the Suomi NPP and JPSS satellites, and the lunar phases and other conditions necessary for effective nighttime visible imaging. This lays the foundation for the rest of the lesson, which explores operational uses of nighttime visible observations. These include the detection and monitoring of city lights, tropical cyclones, fog and stratus, polar nights, auroras, fires an ...
Introduction to EPS Theory
This lesson introduces the concepts needed to understand and use ensemble prediction system (EPS) products. It describes basic statistical quantities and methods used to develop EPS products, such as probability distribution functions (PDFs) and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). From there, it discusses ways of using EPS products compared to deterministic products. The final section briefly introduces nine common EPS products. The lesson is a prerequisite for the EPS Products Reference Guide.
Forecasting Aviation Convective Impacts with INSITE
The National Weather Service (NWS) has developed the INSITE tool (INtegrated Support for Impacted air-Traffic Environments) to improve NWS convective impact forecasts by providing functionality that enables forecasters to include more precise impact areas in aviation convective weather forecast products. The tool lets forecasters identify potential constraints to the National Airspace System by combining forecast weather and air-traffic data. Improved convective weather forecast products can reduce delays in air-traffic and increase efficiency in the National Airspace System (NAS). In this 45- ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: RapidScan Imaging
In this webinar recording, Dr. Dan Lindsey presents GOES-16/GOES-R 30-second and 1-minute rapid scan imagery to demonstrate unprecedented views of convection, wildfire, storm intensification, and other quickly-evolving features. GOES-16 rapid scan also enables cloud and feature tracking in and around tropical cyclones. The webinar includes examples of how rapid scan sectors may be prioritized and selected by the National Weather Service. Instructions about how to obtain and use archived data are also provided. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instructor at his home institution. Audio ...
Communicating Forecast Uncertainty, European Case
This lesson is a follow-on to COMET’s Communicating Forecast Uncertainty lesson, which introduces research findings on the effective communication of uncertainty information and enables learners to apply them to a North American case. This lesson focuses on a European winter weather case and provides an additional opportunity to evaluate end-user needs and formulate effective responses to their questions based on the research findings. Learners are strongly encouraged to take Communicating Forecast Uncertainty before starting this lesson. The lesson is aimed at experienced forecasters with kno ...
GOES-16 Case Exercise: 8 May 2017 Colorado Hail Event
GOES-16, the first satellite in the GOES-R series, launched in November 2016 and now provides 16 multispectral bands of satellite data, including CONUS scans every five minutes, with 0.5 kilometer visible imagery resolution and 2.0 km longwave infrared resolution. This lesson harnesses GOES-16’s increased temporal and spatial resolutions to identify convective development and intensity signatures on traditional longwave IR and visible band imagery, and compares the experience to using legacy GOES products. The lesson is geared toward early-career forecasters, those forecasters wanting more exp ...
GOES-R Series Faculty Virtual Course: Aviation Products
In this webinar recording, Amanda Terborg (with input from Dr. Chad Gravelle), will demonstrate the capabilities of GOES-R/16 in analyzing hazards affecting the aviation industry. The talk focuses specifically on four hazards (but there are others): 1) fog and low stratus, 2) in-flight turbulence, 3) dust, and 4) volcanic ash. Through the use of GOES-R/16 spectral bands, band differences, and RGB composites, satellite data users can detect the development and evolution of aviation threats better than with any previous geostationary satellites. This is a recorded webinar presented by an instruc ...
Met 101: Introduction to the Atmosphere
This lesson provides an overview of Earth’s atmosphere, its vertical structure, the fundamental forces acting on air, and how the atmosphere's composition affects the colors we see in the sky. The lesson also includes information about how Earth receives energy from the Sun as solar and infrared radiation, and the mechanisms for transferring heat around the globe. Learners will be introduced to the components of Earth’s water cycle, and also briefly explore the main types of systems used to observe the atmosphere.
Limitations of High-Resolution NWP Models
This scenario-based lesson examines how the limitations of high-resolution NWP forecasts affect their analyses and forecasts of winter and severe weather, and how best to use the output in light of the limitations. The lesson is structured around a case that occurred in Texas in December 2015 when winter weather and severe weather hit Amarillo and Dallas-Ft. Worth, respectively. As users go through the case, they learn how spin-up time, errors in initial conditions, and deficiencies in the modeling of mesoscale phenomena can impact high-resolution forecasts in the NAM nest and HRRR models.
EPS Products Reference Guide
The EPS Products Reference Guide provides information about nine commonly used ensemble prediction system (EPS) products. Each has a description, tips for interpreting and using it effectively, a list of its strengths and weaknesses, and practice exercises. The Guide is meant to be used as reference material and does not have a quiz.
Climate Atlas
The atlas is based on the climate datasets provided by the CM SAF. It consists of maps providing climatological information of different meteorological parameters. These include:
-general climatic characteristics of meteorological parameters over Europe and Latvia;
-information on satellite data suitable for climatological studies, particularly datasets provided by the CM SAF;
-an example of the strengths and weaknesses of satellite data for climate applications;
-instructions for creating a satellite climatology atlas and beginning to work with satellite da ...
Meteorological Instrument Performance Characteristics
NCAR's Earth Observing Laboratory ; The COMET Program ; Millersville University - The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2017This advanced lesson explores the performance characteristics of instrumentation used for meteorological measurements. Static performance characteristics are examined in the context of calibration, which offers a means to determine an instrument's response. Dynamic performance characteristics, including first and second order inputs, are discussed using three classic examples: step or impulse, ramp or time varying, and oscillatory inputs. The lesson provides information about the effects of representativeness and regional homogeneity on measurements, and also describes processes for obtaining ...
ETR, 21. Status of Human Resources in National Meteorological and Hydrological Services
The current survey conducted from 2016 to 2017 focused on Human Resource Status of NMHSs, particularly as relates to staff situation by age bracket, gender, and professionals, together with training expectations in 2017, training priority areas, and status of the strategic plans of NMHSs. The report is presented in three chapters. The first chapter provides an introduction and some major findings of the survey. The second chapter provides the details of the results of the survey and the third chapter provides conclusions. The results of this survey provide insight into the state of human resou ...
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 13: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2016 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(2), рассчитанные на основании данных этой сети наблюдений in situ для двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O), достигли в 2016 году новых максимумов, причем для CO2 он составил 403,3 ± 0,1 млн-1, для CH4 — 1 853 ± 2 млрд-1(3), а для N2O — 328,9 ± 0,1 млрд-1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 145%, 257% и 122% по отношению к доиндустриальным (до 1750 года) уровням. Рекордное увеличение содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2015 по 2016 го ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°13: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2016
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de la Vigilancia de la Atmósfera Global (VAG) de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie(2) calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el CO2, el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O) alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2016 al registrar 403,3 ± 0,1 ppm para el CO2, 1 853 ± 2 ppb(3) para el CH4 y 328,9 ± 0,1 ppb para el N2O, lo que representa, respectivamente, el 145%, el 257% y el 122% de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). El aumento récord de 3,3 ppm para el CO2 de 2015 ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°13: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l'atmosphère, d'après les observations effectuées à l'échelle du globe en 2016
La toute dernière analyse des données d'observation recueillies par le réseau in situ du Programme de la Veille de l'atmosphère globale (VAG) de l'OMM révèle qu'à l'échelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface(2) du CO2, du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2016, s'établissant respectivement à 403,3±0,1 ppm, 1 853±2 ppb(3) et 328,9±0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs représentent respectivement 145 %, 257 % et 122 % des niveaux préindustriels (avant 1750). Le taux d'accroissement du CO2 entre 2015 et 2016, qui a atteint 3,3 ppm, était plus élevé que le taux re ...
Guidelines for Nowcasting Techniques
The purpose of the WMO nowcasting guidelines presented here is to help National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) by providing them with information and knowledge on how to implement a nowcasting system with the resources available to them and an understanding of the current state of science and technology.
Handbook on Use of Radio Spectrum for Meteorology : Weather, Water and Climate Monitoring and Prediction
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - WMO, 2017 (WMO-No. 1197)The Handbook provides comprehensive technical and operational information on current observation applications and systems and on the use of radio frequencies by meteorological systems, including meteorological satellites, radiosondes, weather radars, wind profiler radars and spaceborne remote sensing instruments. It is intended for the meteorological (i.e. weather, water and climate) and radiocommunication communities, including governmental institutions, industry as well as the general public.
Commission for Basic Systems Open Programme Area Group on Integrated Observing Systems, Expert Team on Aircraft-Based Observing Systems: final report
This meeting was a particularly important one for the expert team, being the first opportunity to openly and formally discuss the possible future collaboration between WMO and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) on the operation of the AMDAR programme. While the discussion raised a number of issues to be subsequently addressed, the team welcomed and fully endorsed the establishment of the IATA-WMO Working Arrangement that had been approved by the 69th session of the WMO Executive Council and agreed to undertake to work with IATA on the development of the proposed Concept of Oper ...
Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations Open Programme Area Group on Remote-Sensing Technologies - Inter-Programme Expert Team on Operational Weather Radars : final report
The First Session of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations (CIMO), Inter-Programme Expert Team on Operational Weather Radars (IPET-OWR) was held over 13 to 16 March, 2017, at the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. The session was kindly hosted by JMA and generously supported by Japan. The meeting was opened by the Director-General of the Japan Meteorological Agency, Dr Toshihiko Hashida, who highlighted Japan’s ongoing engagement in international operational weather radar activities, collaboration and capacity development. The session was chair ...
Guidelines on Best Practices for Achieving User Readiness for New Meteorological Satellites
The current publication presents, in an integrated manner, best practices for user-readiness projects performed by user organizations (for example, NMHSs) as well as for satellite development programmes in support of user readiness. Definitions of and a timeline for deliverables are presented that should be made available by the satellite development programmes to user-readiness projects. The best practices documented here therefore apply to both user organizations (section 3) and satellite operators (section 5). The primary audiences for this publication are Members of the Coordination Group ...
Guidelines for the Assessment of Uncertainty for Hydrometric Measurement
In view of the increasing pressure on water resources, National Hydrological Services (NHSs) worldwide are faced with the challenge to deliver hydrological services of high quality, timeliness and proven credibility, to assist the decision making process of water and natural resources managers. Nowadays, it is commonly expected that these services must be based on information that includes an accurate assessment of its uncertainty. Stream discharge, the basic hydrological variable, is no exception, yet most measurements are still reported as a value without any information on its associated un ...
International Cloud Atlas: Manual on the Observation of Clouds and Other Meteors
This Atlas describes the classification system for clouds and meteorological phenomena used by all WMO Members. The classifications also describe meteorological meteors other than clouds – hydrometeors, lithometeors, photometeors, and electrometeors.
The Atlas provides a common language to communicate cloud observations, and ensures consistency in reporting by observers around the world. It serves as a training tool for meteorologists, as well as for those working in aeronautical and maritime environments, and it has become popular with weather enthusiasts and cloud spotters.
国家气象水文部门和其他相关服务提供方 质量管理体系实施指南
本文件的目的是为建立并实施一个质量管理体系（QMS）提供所需的指南，以确保并 提高国家气象水文部门（NMHS）产品和服务的质量。除了建立并实施质量管理体系，本 文件还详细说明了一个机构的质量管理体系要取得国际标准化组织（ISO）标准认证：ISO 9001：2008 ‘质量管理体系 - 各项要求’所需采取的具体步骤。
دلیل تنفیذ نظم إدارة الجودة للمرافق الوطنیة للأرصاد الجوية والهیدرولوجیا ومقدمي الخدمات ذوي الصلة الآخرين
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد, 2017 (طبعة 2017; مجموعة مطبوعات المنظمة-No. 1100)والغرض من هذه الوثيقة هو تقديم التوجيه عن كيفية تطوير وتنفيذ نظام إدارة الجودة لضمان جودة المنتجات والخدمات التي تقدمها المرافق الوطنية للأرصاد الجوية وتعزيزها. كما أنها تبين بالتفصيل الخطوات اللازمة للحصول على شهادة الامتثال لنظام إدارة الجودة لمنظمة مع معيار المنظمة الدولية للتوحيد القياسي ) ISO (ا ،ISO 9001:2008 نظم إدارة الجودة - المتطلبات ) .)ISO-9001
Руководство по внедрению систем менеджмента качества для национальных метеорологических и гидрологических служб и других соответствующих поставщиков обслуживания
Назначение настоящего документа заключается в том, чтобы предоставить руководящие указания в отношении разработки и внедрения системы менеджмента качества (СМК) для обеспечения и повышения качества продукции и услуг, предоставляемых национальными метеорологическими и гидрологическими службами (НМГС). В нем также рассматриваются поэтапные действия, которые необходимо выполнить для получения сертификата соответствия СМК какой-либо организации стандарту Международной организации по стандартизации (ИСО) ИСО 9001:2008 Системы менеджмента качества. Требования (ИСО 9001).
Guía para la aplicación de sistemas de gestión de la calidad para los Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales y otros proveedores de servicios pertinentes
El objetivo del presente documento es ofrecer orientación sobre la elaboración y la aplicación de un sistema de gestión de la calidad con el fin de garantizar y mejorar la calidad de los productos y Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales (SMHN). Asimismo tiene por objeto describir con detalle los pasos necesarios para obtener el certificado de conformidad del sistema de gestión de la calidad de una organización de acuerdo con la norma de la Organización Internacional de Normalización (ISO) ISO 9001:2008 Sistemas de gestión de la calidad. Requisitos (ISO 9001). La presente Guía se b ...
Guide sur la mise en oeuvre de systèmes de gestion de la qualité pour les Services météorologiques et hydrologiques nationaux et autres prestataires de services concernés
Le présent document a pour objet de donner les indications nécessaires pour élaborer et mettre en oeuvre un système de gestion de la qualité afin de garantir et d’améliorer la qualité des produits et services fournis par les Services météorologiques et hydrologiques nationaux (SMHN). Il décrit par ailleurs en détail les mesures que tout organisme doit prendre pour obtenir la certification de conformité de son système de gestion de la qualité à la norme ISO 9001:2008 Système de management de la qualité – Exigences (ISO 9001) de l’Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO).
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