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Directrices técnicas para los Centros Regionales del WIGOS sobre el Sistema de Monitorización de la Calidad de los Datos del WIGOS
La presente publicación es un anexo del capítulo 9 de la Guía del Sistema Mundial Integrado de Sistemas de Observación de la OMM (OMM, 2018). Proporciona orientación técnica detallada
para que los Centros Regionales del Sistema Mundial Integrado de Sistemas de Observación de la OMM (WIGOS) lleven a cabo las actividades operativas relacionadas con el Sistema de
Monitorización de la Calidad de los Datos del WIGOS, concretamente en lo que respecta a las estaciones en superficie del Sistema Mundial de Observación (SMO) situadas en tierra (en los
territorios de los Miembros de ...
المبادئ التوجیهیة الفنیة للمراكز الإقلیمیة للنظام (WIGOS) العالمي المتكامل للرصد التابع للمنظمة (WIGOS) بشأن نظام مراقبة جودة بیانات النظام
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد, 2018 (طبعة 2018; مجموعة مطبوعات المنظمة-No. 1224)ھذا المطبوع مرفق للفصل 9 من دلیل النظام العالمي المتكامل للرصد التابع للمنظمة (المنظمة العالمیة (RWCs) WIGOS للأرصاد الجوية، 2018 ). وھو يقدم إرشادات فنیة مفصلة للمراكز الإقلیمیة للنظام لا سیما من أجل ،(WDQMS) WIGOS لممارسة الأنشطة التشغیلیة المتصلة بنظام مراقبة جودة بیانات النظام المقامة على البر (في أقالیم أعضاء الاتحادات الإقلیمیة (GOS) المحطات السطحیة للنظام العالمي للرصد .((WMO) للمنظمة
面向WIGOS区域中心关于WIGOS资料质量监测系统的技术指南
本出版物是《WMO全球综合观测系统指南》（WMO，2018）第9章的附录。文中为WMO全球综合观测系统（WIGOS）区域中心（RWC）运行与WIGOS资料质量监测系统（WDQMS）提供了技术指南，特别是针对位于陆地上（位于WMO区域协会（RA）会员的领域内）的全球观测系统（GOS）地表站。
这些指导方针介绍了WDQMS的三个主要功能（监测、评估和故障管理）、要求（例如所需资源）以及实施GOS陆表台站这些功能的有效做法和程序。这包括负责区域（次区域）监测、评估和故障管理活动的RWC工作人员的日常任务以识别、评估和跟踪与地表和高空台站资料有用性、时效性和准确性有关的问题，还包括两类观测的一些推荐性能目标。
预计将来将有半自动化的WIGOS监测中心，可提供例行报告，并提供供RWC使用的区域和专题具体信息。
Directives techniques pour les centres régionaux du WIGOS sur le Système de contrôle de la qualité des données du WIGOS
La présente publication est une annexe du chapitre 9 du Guide du Système mondial intégré des systèmes d’observation de l’OMM (OMM, 2018). Elle contient des directives techniques détaillées destinées à aider les centres régionaux du Système mondial intégré des systèmes d’observation de l’OMM (WIGOS) à mener les activités opérationnelles en lien avec le Système de contrôle de la qualité des données du WIGOS, s’agissant notamment des stations terrestres d’observation en surface du Système mondial d’observation (SMO) (implantées sur le territoire des Membres de l’OMM).
Cette publication déc ...
Tехнические руководящие принципы для региональных центров ИГСНВ по системе мониторинга качества данных ИГСНВ
Настоящая публикация является дополнением к главе 9 Руководства по Интегрированной глобальной системе наблюдений ВМО (ВМО, 2018). В ней содержится подробное техническое руководство для региональных центров (РЦИ) Интегрированной глобальной системы наблюдений ВМО (ИГСНВ) по осуществлению оперативной деятельности, связанной с Системой мониторинга качества данных ИГСНВ (СМКДИ), в особенности в отношении наземных станций Глобальной системы наблюдений (ГСН), расположенных на суше (на территории Членов региональной ассоциации (РА) ВМО). В руководящих принципах описываются три основных функции СМКДИ ( ...
Technical Guidelines for Regional WIGOS Centres on the WIGOS Data Quality Monitoring System
This publication is an Annex to Chapter 9 of the Guide to the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WMO, 2018). It provides detailed technical guidance for Regional WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) Centres (RWCs) to run the operational activities related to the WIGOS Data Quality Monitoring System (WDQMS), specifically for the surface stations of the Global Observing System (GOS) located on land (on the territories of WMO Regional Association (RA) Members). These guidelines describe the three main functions of WDQMS (monitoring, evaluation and incident management), as well as t ...
IOM Report, 130. Fourth WMO Regional Pyrheliometer Comparison of RA II, Jointly held with RA V
This report describes the intercomparison in detail: the instruments, the participants, the experimental setup, method and procedure, the data analysis technique used and the results. It is clear from the results that all of the participating instruments have been well maintained and remained stable since the previous intercomparison, which augers well for all radiation measurements within RA II and RA V. All participants were able to return home with newly derived WRR reduction factors for their instruments.
Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations OPAG in situ Technologies and Intercomparisons - Expert Team on Aircraft-based Observations : Final Report
The second session of the CIMO Expert Team on Aircraft-based Observations took place over 16-19 April, 2018 at the WMO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. This was the 2nd meeting of the team during the current inter-sessional period of CIMO ahead of the upcoming session of CIMO in October, 2018 (CIMO-17), with the first session having been held in December 2015 in conjunction with the CBS Expert Team on Aircraft-Based Observing Systems second session. The chief focus for the session was for the team to report on progress and to undertake planning to finalise activities and tasks from its wor ...
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GCOS, 217. 21st Session of the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (the GOOS Physics and Climate Panel) (OOPC-21)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
GCOS, 218. 23rd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-23)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
GCOS, 216. 8th Session of the GTN-H Panel
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
IOM Report, 128. Interlaboratory Comparison in the field of Temperature, Humidity and Pressure, in the WMO Regional Association VI (MM-ILC-2015-THP)
The subject of this report is evaluation of the interlaboratory comparison in the field of measurement of temperature, humidity and pressure. The interlaboratory comparison was held within the framework of the MeteoMet 2 project, in the scope of proficiency testing scheme organized by the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Metrology and Quality (UL-FE/LMK), except pressure part. All the analysis were done in accordance with accredited procedures.
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Humidity
This lesson provides an overview of the science and techniques related to measuring humidity, or the amount of water vapor, in Earth's atmosphere. After beginning with a review of the units used for humidity, the learner will examine the three main types of hygrometers (material, thermodynamic, and optical) and explore instruments within each of these categories. The lesson provides information about the advantages and limitations of various humidity instruments. The effects of siting, sheltering, and ventilation on humidity measurements are also addressed. The lesson is part of the Instrument ...
Interpreting and Communicating EPS Guidance: Iberian Heat Wave
This 45-minute lesson briefly introduces learners to the benefits of using probabilistic forecast information to assess the weather and communicate forecast uncertainties. Learners will explore a heat wave event in Spain and practice interpreting EPS forecast products effectively to determine various forecast parameters based on lead-time. Also, learners will decide how to best communicate the potential weather threats and impacts information to local end users.
What's New in the National Blend of Models version 3.1
Intended for U.S. National Weather Service forecasters, this short video describes changes to the NWS National Blend of Models when it was updated to v3.1. These changes include: More global, mesoscale, and ensemble components; Increased spatial resolution of some components; New and improved weather elements for aviation, QPF, winter, fire, and marine weather forecasting; Significant wave height for offshore waters and the Great Lakes; Improved bias correction; MOS-like text products; Shortened NBM forecast projections delivered at 19 UTC. For an illustrated transcript, see What’s New in NBM ...
SatFC-J: The CrIS and ATMS Sounders
This lesson introduces the capabilities of NOAA’s next-generation infrared and microwave sounders, the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS). Both fly on board the Suomi NPP satellite mission and constitute the foundation for NOAA’s operational space-based sounding capability on the next-generation JPSS polar-orbiting satellites. In addition to their complementary sounding duties, CrIS and ATMS provide capabilities and improvements for a variety of environmental products essential to weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. Some of th ...
Mesoscale Model Components of the National Blend of Models Version 3.0
The National Weather Service National Blend of Models (NBM) was updated to version 3.0 on 27 July 2017. Changes include: Eight new components for the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) and Alaska, including four deterministic models, two ensemble systems, and two post-processed statistical components Five new components for Hawaii and Puerto Rico Expanded forecast domains for the CONUS and Alaska A “Time of Day” (ToD), rather than NWP model, initial time concept Hourly NBM forecasts, with short, day 2-4, and extended forecasts Updated NBM guidance available 50-60 minutes after hourly run time New weather ...
Radio Wave Propagation
As a society we have become dependent on satellite communications, but satellites fail with alarming frequency. Before the advent of satellites, long distance communications were carried out with high frequency (HF) radio transmissions. This lesson examines the factors that control long-distance radio communications, with an emphasis on refraction in the ionosphere, frequency selection, and the effects of solar radiation.
GOES-R Series Multilingual Training Resources
This listing of multilingual training materials for the GOES-R series includes both foundational lessons and quick guides developed by various partners at the request of the U.S. National Weather Service and NESDIS. The selections included here represent materials translated to Spanish and Portuguese. Training contributors include COMET, RAMMB/CIRA, CIMSS, and SPoRT. Translation contributors/reviewers include the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) in Argentina and the University of São Paulo in Brazil.
Unified Terrain in the National Blend of Models
This lesson discusses errors associated with the use of inconsistent terrain in the analyses in the Real-Time and the Un-Restricted Mesoscale Analyses (RTMA and URMA, respectively), and in downscaling numerical weather prediction model data to the resolution of the U.S. National Weather Service National Blend of Models (NBM). The sources of these inconsistencies are examined, and the errors that result are discussed. A solution is to use a unified, consistent terrain in the analyses and the NBM. This solution is only partial however, as resolution of small, meteorologically significant feature ...
GOES-16 and S-NPP/JPSS Case Exercise: Hurricane Harvey Surface Flooding
Satellite data are important tools for analyses and short-term forecasts of surface floodwater. This lesson will highlight the August 2017 flooding associated with Hurricane Harvey in southeastern Texas, one of the most costly weather disasters in U.S. history. Through the use of interactive exercises the learner will become familiar with use and interpretation of satellite imagery in regions with surface flooding. The lesson will use data from both the S-NPP Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and the GOES-16 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI). The satellite-derived flood map and th ...
National Water Model, Part 1: Science and Products
This lesson provides an introduction to the benefits, important input (forcing data), and key products of the National Water Model. Both official and evolving products are presented. The lesson uses the flooding associated with Hurricane Harvey in August 2017 to demonstrate key products.
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
This lesson provides information about current science and technologies for measuring atmosphere pressure. The lesson begins by reviewing the key physical laws governing atmospheric pressure, including Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. Then, it explores typical requirements and uncertainty parameters related to atmospheric pressure sensors and provides details about the components of pressure sensors, including fluidic, mechanical, and electronic transducers. The lesson is part of the Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Parameters course series.
SatFC-J: The AMSR2 Microwave Imager
This short lesson describes the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) on board the next-generation polar-orbiting satellite platforms. AMSR2’s primary mission is to improve scientists’ understanding of climate by providing estimates of precipitation, water vapor, cloud water, wind velocity, sea surface temperature, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture. AMSR2 also advances weather forecasting through real-time imagery, value-added products, and input to numerical weather prediction. This lesson is part of the Satellite Foundational Course for JPSS (SatFC-J).
SatFC-J: The VIIRS Imager
This lesson introduces the VIIRS imager on board the Suomi NPP and JPSS satellites. The lesson briefly describes the capabilities, improvements, and benefits that VIIRS brings to operational meteorology. Numerous images are shown that demonstrate a variety of applications available in the AWIPS weather display system. This lesson is part of the Satellite Foundational Course for JPSS (SatFC-J).
SatFC-J: Orbits and Data Availability
This lesson presents a brief overview of NOAA's operational low Earth orbiting satellites, focusing on how their orbits define observational coverage and how ground receiving capabilities impact data latency from the observation time to product availability. This lesson is part of the Satellite Foundational Course for JPSS (SatFC-J).
Rapid Scan Applications and Benefits
This lesson introduces the capabilities and benefits of rapid scan imaging from geostationary meteorological satellites with a special focus on the current Meteosat Second Generation satellites. The lesson begins with an overview of current rapid scan imaging strategies and the products made from those observations. It then addresses nowcasting applications that benefit from these products with a focus on convection and its evolution. Other application areas that benefit from rapid scan observation are mentioned including the monitoring of fog and low stratus, wildfires, tropical cyclones, and ...
Interpreting and Communicating EPS Guidance: British Columbia Winter Storm
This 45-minute lesson provides an opportunity to use ensemble prediction system products to evaluate uncertainty in the forecast and then communicate that information effectively to a public audience. The lesson places learners in the role of a Meteorological Service of Canada forecaster who must assess forecast uncertainty and then issue early warning notifications to decision-makers regarding the winter storm. In a subsequent work shift during the event, the learner must effectively deliver forecast information via social media and respond to questions from the general public. The lesson is ...
Operational Environmental Monitoring Applications using the Community Satellite Processing Package (CSPP)
This resource demonstrates the variety of satellite imagery and products accessible through the Community Satellite Processing Package (CSPP). Two videos, the first focused on imagery applications and the second on microwave applications, provide an overview of the types of weather and environmental information available through CSPP. Using CSPP, forecasters and others needing timely access to data can download and display imagery and products from Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) instruments. The resource provides some background information for obtaining and using the CSPP software, which ...
SatFC-J: The VIIRS Day/Night Band
This lesson introduces the innovative Day/Night Band (DNB). Producing both daytime and nighttime visible images, the unique aspect of the DNB is its nocturnal low-light imaging capability. It views reflected moonlight from clouds and Earth's surface, surface light emissions from various natural sources (such as fires) and anthropogenic sources (such as city lights and gas flares), and even from certain atmospheric light emissions such as the aurora, airglow, and lightning flashes. The lesson describes the capabilities and benefits of the DNB, in particular using the Near-Constant Contrast (NCC ...
Física del caos en la predicción meteorológica
AEMET, 2018Over 100 experts in weather and climate modeling, numerical and operational forecasting, and related areas have come together to write this compendium of knowledge that addresses a diversity of maters such as history and foundations of meteorology, ensemble prediction systems, probabilistic forecasting and its applications, climatic change and social aspects, cases of study of special meteorological events, etc.
ETR, 24. A Compendium of Topics to Support Management Development in National Meteorological and Hydrological Services
The present compendium of topics for management development is intended to help a NMHS establish management development programmes that meet the needs and culture of the organization. The provision of curricular (i.e. aims, learning outcomes and content), briefing notes, sources of further reading and discussion topics should make it easier to establish a bespoke programme rather than having to start from scratch. Even if an external agency provides the components of a management development programme, having the compendium should make it easier to specify what should be included. Regional Tra ...
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 14: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2017 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(1), рассчитанные на основании данных этой сети наблюдений in situ для двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O), достигли в 2017 году новых максимумов, причем для CO2 он составил 405,5 ± 0,1 млн−1(2), для CH4 — 1859 ± 2 млрд−1(3), а для N2O — 329,9 ± 0,1 млрд−1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 146 %, 257 % и 122 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (до 1750 года) уровням. Увеличение содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2016 по 2017 год был ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°14: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2017
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de la VAG de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie1) calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O), alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2017 al registrar 405,5 ± 0,1 ppm2) para el CO2, 1859 ± 2 ppb3) para el CH4 y 329,9 ± 0,1 ppb para el N2O, lo que representa, respectivamente, el 146 %, el 257 % y el 122 % de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). El aumento de CO2 de 2016 a 2017 fue inferior al observado d ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°14: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2017
La toute derniere analyse des donnees d’observation recueillies par le reseau in situ du Programme de la VAG de l’OMM revele qu’a l’echelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface1) du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du methane (CH4) et du protoxyde d’azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2017, s’etablissant respectivement a 405,5}0,1 ppm2), 1 859}2 ppb3) et 329,9}0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs representent respectivement 146 %, 257 % et 122 % des niveaux preindustriels (avant 1750). Le taux d’accroissement du CO2 entre 2016 et 2017 etait moins eleve qu’entre 2015 et 2016 et pratiquement egal a l ...
GOES-16 GLM Case Exercise: Buenos Aires Tornado and Hail Event
The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) flies aboard the GOES-R series satellites and provides lightning detection data at a quality and resolution not previously available from space. The GLM's continuous lightning monitoring capability is a valuable asset to detecting and monitoring developing thunderstorms 24 hours a day. This 30 minute lesson introduces learners to the benefits of using Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) observations in assessing convection. Learners will explore a severe weather event near Buenos Aires, Argentina, and practice using GLM observations to determine initia ...
GAW Report, 242. 19th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2017)
The meeting reviewed current WMO data quality objectives, reference scales and observation strategies, including calibration, quality control, data management and archiving. Target species were carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon in greenhouse gas measurements. The workshop discussed in detail the harmonization and quality control of isotope measurements, the extension of the measurement network towards more polluted and urban areas, the use of low-cost sensors, and the collaboration of the scientific greenhouse gas and carbon cycle community with the me ...
WIGOS Technical Report, 2018-01. WIGOS, WMO Integrated Global Observing System - Benefits to the Environment and Society from the Availability and Use of AMDAR Data
This report presents an updated summary of AMDAR data usage and the resulting impacts and benefits to meteorological forecasting and the aviation industry. It then provides a presentation of the environmental and climate applications and studies that also benefit from the use of AMDAR data, as a result, bringing benefits to the environment and wider society. These areas of societal benefits include weather, transportation, energy, disaster reduction, health, climate and agriculture.
Гидродинамический прогноза погоды на территории Гвинеи
Agriculture is the largest employer in the world and is probably the most dependent on the climate of all human activities. In recent years there have been events that have put in evidence the vulnerability of global food security to major meteorological phenomena, both in global agricultural markets and the world economy. The food price crisis and the subsequent economic crisis reduced the purchasing power of large segments of the population in many developing countries, which seriously reduced their access to food and thus undermined their food security. During the years 2009 and 2010 in Ven ...
Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations Open Programme Area Group on Remote-Sensing Technologies - Inter-Programme Expert Team on Operational Weather Radars
The key aims of this meeting were to consolidate important activities and plans for completing deliverables within the IPET’s work plan ahead of the upcoming session of CIMO in 2018. In particular, the IPET focused on reinvigorating activities and tasks towards the development of a Best Practices Guide on Operational Weather Radar. The team spent several sessions on developing the improved structure of the guide and drafting and organising materials under that structure. Additionally team members reported on the status and progress of other tasks in the work plan, including the successful comp ...
Guidance on Verification of Operational Seasonal Climate Forecasts
The purpose of this publication is to describe and recommend procedures for the verification of operational probabilistic seasonal forecasts, including those from the Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOFs), National Meteorological and Hydrological Services and other forecasting centres. The recommendations are meant to complement the WMO Commission for Basic Systems Standardized Verification System for Long-range Forecasts (SVSLRF). SVSLRF defines standards for verifying model outputs from Global Producing Centres (GPCs), and so includes procedures for measuring the quality of ensemble predic ...
ETR, 22. Seasonal Climate Forecast - COURSE PACKAGE T.O.P. : Theory and Operational Principles, Project Report
This is the report on the project to create the Seasonal Climate Forecast - Course Package T.O.P. The goal of this online course package is to allow the transfer of seasonal climate forecast knowledge to improve and increase the operational capabilities of the targeted users. The package provides both a theoretical and a practical set of knowledge on seasonal forecast and predictability models, climate and data analysis, forecast verification, and specific application of seasonal forecast for agriculture and water management.
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GCOS, 219. 20th Session of the GCOS/WCRP Terrestrial Observation Panel for Climate (TOPC-20)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
GAW Report, 240. Report of the Second International UV Filter Radiometer Calibration Campaign UVC-II
The objective of the campaign was to provide a calibration traceable to the WCC-UV reference for all participating radiometers, in view of homogenizing UV measurements in all participating countries.
GAW Report, 239. Calibration Methods of GC-μECD for Atmospheric SF6 Measurements
SF6 is a substance which originates only from anthropogenic sources used primarily in the electricity and electronics supply industries, e.g. the semiconductor industry, where it is used as an electronic insulator due to its inertness. SF6 is a trace gas that exists in small quantities at the level of ppt (parts-per-trillion, 1/1012) in the atmosphere, but its global warming potential is 23,500 times greater than that of CO2 when compared over a 100-year period[1]. In particular, SF6 has an atmospheric lifetime of 3,200 years upon emission, and will eventually exacerbate the man-made greenhous ...
SP, 12. Guidelines on Satellite Skills and Knowledge for Operational Meteorologists
This document describes the underpinning skills that support the WMO competencies that relate to the use of satellite data by operational meteorologists.
Руководство по морскому метеорологическому обслуживанию
Согласованные на международном уровне методы предоставления обслуживания морскому сообществу по всему миру описаны в Наставлении по морскому метеорологическому обслуживанию (ВМО-№ 558), том I. Целью настоящего Руководства является дополнить Наставление посредством:
a) описания требований к различным видам обслуживания;
b) разъяснения целесообразности согласованных методов предоставления обслуживания;
c) предоставления руководящих указаний в отношении того, каким образом следует организовывать и поддерживать морское метеорологическое обслуживание.
Руководство имеет т ...
Guía de servicios meteorológicos marinos
En el Manual de servicios meteorológicos marinos (OMM Nº 558), volumen I, se describen los métodos convenidos internacionalmente para la prestación de servicios a la comunidad marina en todo el mundo. Como complemento de dicho Manual, la presente Guía responde a los siguientes propósitos:
a) describir las necesidades requeridas para los distintos tipos de servicios;
b) explicar las razones a que responden los métodos convenidos para la prestación de servicios;
c) orientar sobre la manera de constituir y mantener servicios meteorológicos marinos.
Para ello, está estr ...
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