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ARISE - A European research infrastructure combining three measurement techniques
Bulletin, Vol. 62(1). WMO, 2013Technology first used to listen for secret H-bomb tests could help forecasters tell us what the weather is going to be like up to a month in advance. That is one of the aims of an exciting new international research project, Atmosphere dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe (ARISE), which kicked-off in January 2012. Following studies that showed that the upper layers of the Earth’s atmosphere could provide crucial information for more accurate longer-term weather forecasts, on timescales up to four weeks ahead, twelve partners from eight European member states and one associated country ha ...
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The Tiksi International Hydrometeorological Observatory - An Arctic members Partnership
The global community has recognized over the last few years the importance of the weather and climate of the Earth’s Polar Regions.Particularly sensitive to human activities, the Polar Regions have also demonstrated the potential for impacting reciprocally on the livability of the more heavily populated lower and mid-latitudes. In response, the WMO Polar Observations, Research and Services (PORS) was developed to “…promote and coordinate relevant programmes that are carried out in the Antarctic and Arctic regions by nations and by groups of nations.” The Polar Activities resolution of the WMO ...
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Погода, климат и вода – движущая сила нашего будущего
Бюллетень, Том 61 (1). BMO, 2013Каждый год 23 марта отмечается Всемирный метеорологический день в ознаменование вступления в силу в 1950 г. Конвенции ВМО, учредившей Организацию.
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.9: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2012
This ninth WMO/GAW Annual GHG Bulletin reports atmospheric abundances and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These three together with CFC-12 and CFC-11 account for approximately 96%[4] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs.
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CAWCR technical report, 66. Observing, Estimating and Forecasting Rainfall: From Science to Applications - abstracts of the seventh CAWCR Workshop
The CAWCR Workshop is an annual event and brings together national and international expertise to highlight latest development in research relevant to CAWCR and its stakeholders. It provides an opportunity to identify gaps, opportunities, build relationships and enhance the quality, breadth and depth of our research efforts. The CAWCR Workshop is an annual event and brings together national and international expertise to highlight latest development in research relevant to CAWCR and its stakeholders. It provides an opportunity to identify gaps, opportunities, build relationships and en ...
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CAWCR technical report, 61. Improvements in atmospheric physical parameterizations for the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator (ACCESS)
The Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator (ACCESS) is a new coupled ocean and atmosphere climate modelling system being developed at the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR). ACCESS uses the UK Met Office Unified Model (Met UM, Davies et al. 2005) as its atmospheric component, which is coupled with the GFDL Ocean Model version 4.1 (MOM4p1, Griffies et al. 2009) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory Sea Ice Model version 4.1 (CICE4, Hunke and Lipscomb 2010), using the numerical coupler OASIS3.25 (Valcke 2006). The development of ACCESS has followed ...
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CAWCR technical report, 60. Defining heatwaves: heatwave defined as a heatimpact event servicing all community and business sectors in Australia
This report proposes a new objective definition for heatwaves and heatwave severity that may be applied to any location in Australia, or for that matter the world. Using this definition, it is now possible to compare severe and extreme heat events across time and space.
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Workshop proceedings - Parametrization of Clouds and Precipitation across Model Resolutions
ECMWF, 2013
WCDMP, 80. Assessment of the observed extreme conditions during late boreal winter 2011/2012
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) - WMO, 2013Congress during its sixteenth session in 2011 welcomed the decision of the Commission for Climatology during its fifteenth session in 2010 for improving WMO Climate System Monitoring including related methodologies and dissemination of monitoring reports for timely information on extreme weather and climate events occurring on large scale and having high socioeconomic impacts. A brochure called "Assessment of the observed extreme conditions during the 2009/2010 boreal winter" was published by WMO in 2010 and is now followed by this supplement to the WMO annual statement on the status of the g ...
CIMO Expert Team on Standardization : First session
This first session of the CIMO Expert Team on Standardization was held from 26 to 29 November 2012 at the WMO Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
The meeting followed up on the matter of the Siting Classification for Surface Observing Station on Land that was published in the WMO Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8, CIMO Guide). It agreed on a way to provide clarifications on how to interpret and apply the classification through a question and answer website. It also reviewed the process for further developing this classification as a common WMO-I ...
WMO AMDAR Panel (15th Session): Final report
This document provides the Final Report of the 15 th Session of the WMO AMDAR Panel, which, was also the final Meeting of the Panel, having agreed to hand over full programmatic management and governance of the Aircraft-based and AMDAR observing systems to WMO and its Technical Commissions, CBS and CIMO. Most importantly, Members should be aware that this does not mean the end of AMDAR related developmental activities and there remains a strong need to continue supporting the work programme of the WMO Aircraft-based Observations programme. This programme will be managed jointly by a CBS Expert ...
A spatial vulnerability analysis of urban populations during extreme heat events in Australian capital cities
Monash University, 2013This study aims to provide an analysis of the spatial distribution of vulnerability of urban populations to extreme heat events in Australian capital cities at the present time, and to estimate future vulnerability in relation to projected climate changes.It provides a ‘tool’ to guide short-term, medium-term and longer-term heatwave adaptation policy.
Multispectral Satellite Applications: Monitoring the Wildland Fire Cycle, 2nd Edition
This lesson describes current and future satellites sensors and products used for monitoring the fire cycle, with an emphasis on polar-orbiting satellites. Product information is presented in the context of the fire lifecycle: from assessing the pre- and post-fire environment to detecting and monitoring active fires, smoke, and aerosols. Product information is also consolidated in the Fire Product Suite. The lesson concludes with an interactive fire case study, supplemented with observations from a National Weather Service trainer/forecaster who experienced the fire. The lesson is intended for ...
Multispectral Satellite Applications: RGB Products Explained
This lesson provides an overview of meteorological and environmental RGB products, namely, how they are constructed and how to use them. The first half provides background information on the RGB development process and the rapid evolution of RGB products as newer geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite imagers incorporate additional spectral channels. The second half of the lesson, the Applications section, focuses on the formulation and uses of RGB products; providing examples, interpretation exercises, satellite specific information, and other background information for many of the common ...
Writing TAFs for Ceilings and Visibility, Africa Edition
Writing TAFs for Ceilings and Visibility, Africa Edition outlines the processes for developing an effective Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) that meets International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) guidelines. Geared specifically to forecasters in Africa, the lesson includes a case study for an event impacting Cape Town International Airport to provide practice applying the processes to real-life forecast situations.
Tropical Fog: A Look at Fog That Impacts Aviation in Guyana
This module applies concepts covered in the module, Fog: Its Processes and Impacts to Aviation. It examines the fog processes at a tropical location: Guyana. A basic overview of the main fog types is provided, and then a detailed analysis is done for a representative fog event at the Cheddi Jagan International Airport in Guyana. Conclusions are made about fog processes in Guyana which can then be applied to forecasting for aviation impacts.
Nighttime Radiation and Cooling of the Lower Atmosphere
It is our common experience to observe that the lowest levels of the atmosphere cool down more slowly on humid nights than on dry nights. When the sky is cloudy we observe the atmosphere to cool even more slowly. Can longwave radiation fluxes alone explain these observations? This learning object uses a simple interactive model to demonstrate the role of radiation in nighttime cooling. As a learning object, it is meant to supplement other teaching material in a course by elucidating a specific concept. By adjusting the emissivity and temperature of earth and atmospheric layers, the student can ...
Topics in Dynamic Meteorology: Pressure Gradient Force
This module is a learning object on a foundational aspect of dynamic meteorology, the pressure gradient force. As a learning object, it is meant to supplement other teaching material in a course by elucidating a specific concept. The horizontal pressure gradient force is presented through an interactive tool which allows a student to adjust pressures on an idealized surface map and examine the horizontal accelerations produced in response. Three short exercises are provided to reinforce the concepts.
Climatology for the Operational Forecaster
Climate information can be used as guidance for a range of weather-dependent operations. This module summarizes the Climate Analysis Process, a series of steps for determining which climatological products and data will be most useful for a specified application. The Climate Analysis Process is followed in the context of preparing a climatological brief for a ship deployment across multiple ocean basins. Though the focus is on Department of Defense data sources, including the Advanced Climate Analysis and Forecasting (ACAF) system, information on other sources is also provided. Products from t ...
ASMET 7: Forecasting Fog for Aviation: Kenya Case Study
This lesson aims to improve aviation forecasts of fog in the African airspace by teaching forecasters to make more accurate forecasts using satellite imagery, numerical weather prediction, and other available data. A process for diagnosing and forecasting fog is presented and applied to a case over the Nairobi, Kenya region. Learners assume the role of aviation forecaster, analysing various products to determine whether the current Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is valid or needs to be amended. The lesson is intended for aviation forecasters, general weather forecasters interested in aviati ...
Introduction to VIIRS Imaging and Applications
This lesson introduces the VIIRS imager that operates on the current U.S. Suomi NPP satellite and is planned for future JPSS environmental satellites. VIIRS has many advanced features that improve both spectral and spatial resolution and enable the delivery of consistent, high quality, and high resolution data to users worldwide. The lesson covers the enhanced capabilities of VIIRS and highlights some of its applications. These include single channel and multispectral products used to monitor dust, volcanic ash, convection, fog and low clouds, sea surface temperature, tropical cyclones, contra ...
Introduction to Ensembles: Forecasting Hurricane Sandy
This module provides an introduction to ensemble forecast systems with an operational case study of Hurricane Sandy. The module concentrates on models from NCEP and FNMOC available to forecasters in the U.S. Navy, including NAEFS (North American Ensemble Forecast System), and NUOPC (National Unified Operational Prediction Capability). Probabilistic forecasts of winds and waves developed from these ensemble forecast systems are applied to a ship transit and coastal resource protection. Lessons integrated in the case study provide information on ensemble statistics, products, bias correction and ...
Caribbean Radar Cases
This module presents radar case studies taken from events in the Caribbean that highlight radar signatures of severe weather. These cases include examples of deep convection, squall lines, bow echoes, tornadoes, and heavy rain resulting in flooding. Each case study includes a discussion of the conceptual models of each type of event as a review before showing the radar signatures and allowing the learner to analyze each one.
Weather Decision Support for the National Airspace System
This three-hour lesson describes the impacts of weather on aviation operations and highlights the role of the National Weather Service (NWS) in supporting the Federal Aviation Administration's air traffic management organization. The lesson contains an Introduction (40 min), several cases (10-20 min each) focused on various weather phenomena, and a detailed case (35 min) allowing forecasters to follow the planning for and evolution of an event. The content emphasizes best practices for aviation forecasters, including identifying and communicating the threat, understanding partners' needs, and ...
GOES-R ABI: Next Generation Satellite Imaging
This extension of the COMET lesson “GOES-R: Benefits of Next Generation Environmental Monitoring” focuses on the ABI instrument, the satellite's 16-channel imager. With increased spectral coverage, greater spatial resolution, more frequent imaging, and improved image pixel geolocation and radiometric performance, the ABI will bring significant advancements to forecasting, numerical weather prediction, and climate and environmental monitoring. The first part of the lesson introduces the ABI's key features and improvements over earlier GOES imagers. The second section lets users interactively ex ...
Fire Weather Patterns in Australia: Southeast Australia
The module illustrates the typical synoptic pattern influencing fire weather in southeast Australia. A case study provides insight into how experienced forecasters combine the four key ingredients—wind, temperature, dew point temperature, and fuel state—to produce a fire danger index value and resulting forecast policy map. Then, a case exercise allows the learner to practice using weather and fuel data to create a fire weather forecast policy map for southeastern Australia.
Regional Study Guide: Review for Aeronautical Forecasters in Africa, selections from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd edition
This Regional Study Guide highlights the sections of the Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition online textbook that are applicable to aeronautical forecasting operations in Africa. Topics include remote sensing, global circulations, tropical variability, tropical cyclones and the challenges encountered when forecasting tropical weather. The guide consists of a list of links to the content in the textbook and has its own stand-alone quiz.
Nowcasting for Aviation in Africa
Nowcasting for Aviation in Africa summarizes techniques and best practices for developing area-specific forecasts at very short (0-6 hour) timescales. This 1-hour lesson presents a case study focused on interpreting threats and communicating correct warning information for a weather event affecting multiple airports in Gauteng Province, South Africa. In completing the lesson, the learner will assess the state of the atmosphere, develop a nowcast, monitor conditions, and update/create appropriate nowcast products for aviation stakeholders.
Tephigram Mastery
Since the advent of rawinsonde observations, thermodynamic diagrams have been used by meteorologists to analyze sounding data in the course of preparing their weather forecasts. This module comprehensively examines the use of the tephigram, widely used for over 60 years by meteorologists in the United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries throughout the world particularly in Europe and Africa. It explores thermodynamic properties, convective parameters, stability assessment, and several forecast applications. The module is designed for both instruction and reference. It also comes with an inter ...
Assessment of prone areas to heavy rainfall in Tanzania and its associate circulation anomalies during march-may rainfall season
Mafuru Kantamla Biseke - College of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 2013Tanzania is one among the most other sub-Sahara African countries where Agriculture production is strongly depending on rainfall, a key factor which determine the livelihood of 70% of the total population. An adequate amount of rainfall per season reasonably help the farmer to accomplish his/her goal in a positive way, while an excessive amount of rainfall impacts on both people’s livelihood and agricultural production leading into reduction in manpower and nation’s GDP. In recent years, Tanzania suffered a successive scenario of heavy rainfall over different areas of the country, the majority ...
Rainfall and temperature characteristic over Zambia
Temperature and rainfall are important elements of climate Zambia where several sectors of the economy depend mostly on water resources. Zambia normally receives the bulk of its annual rainfall from November to March (NDJFM) as the ITCZ moves south and experience high temperatures. The major objective of the study was to investigate the rainfall and temperature characteristic over Zambia.
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CDP cities 2013: summary report on 110 global cities
2013This report present CDP, C40 and AECOM latest results from the third consecutive year of climate change reporting for cities. The data presented in the report conveys information about every aspect of climate change measurement and management in cities, including risks such as temperature increase/heatwaves, frequent/intense rainfall, drought, storms/flooding and sea level rise, and adaptation. It is intended to provide city governments with information and insights in order to assist their work in tackling the challenge of climate change.
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Ozone-depleting substances 2012
EEA, 2013Aggregated data reported by companies on the import, export, production, destruction and feedstock and process agent use of ozone-depleting substances in the European Union – SUMMARY
Comparison of different rainfall inputs in a continuous rainfall-runoff model – a case study for Argentina
Buzzella Maria Mercedes; Institute of Water Resources Management, Hydrology and Agricultural Hydraulic Engineering - Leibniz Universität, 2013Precipitation data is the main input parameter in order to simulate rainfall-runoff processes, since it is strongly dependent on the accuracy of the spatial and temporal representation of the precipitation. In regions where rainfall stations are scarce, additional data sources may be considered necessary. In this manner, remote sensing from satellite platforms has provided a satisfactory alternative due to its global coverage. Although a wide range of satellite-based estimations of precipitation is available, not all the satellite products are suitable for all regions. Most of the studies perf ...
Status of disaster risk management: plans for floods, hurricanes and drought in the agriculture sector - a Caribbean perspective
FAO, 2013This report presents the findings of a study commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to review the status of development and implementation of disaster risk management (DRM) plans for the agriculture sector throughout the Caribbean. The report is divided into four sections: (i) the first section introduces the background of the region, the Hyogo Framework for Action, and the methodology and objective of the study; (ii) section two reviews the status of disaster risk management (DRM) strategies in the agricultural sector, highlighting the participation ...
Recent trends in and preparedness for extreme weather events: final report
This document is the final report of a Senate inquiry by the Environment and Communications References Committee looking at Australia’s extreme weather and asking if the country is ready. It looks at any emerging trends on the frequency of extreme weather events. Based on evidence on future projections of such events and on global warming scenarios of between 1C and 5C by 2070, the inquiry looks at the costs of extreme weather events and their impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure and human health. It also examines the “availability and affordability” of private insurance in disaster-prone are ...
Guidelines for Trainers in Meteorological, Hydrological and Climate Services
This publication is intended for those involved in providing training for staff in a National Meteorological and Hydrological Service (NMHS) or related agencies. In particular, it aims to strengthen training departments and enhance the expertise of trainers by providing a reference manual and introductory guide. It includes guidance on the options available to ensure positive learning experiences for individuals and organizations.
International organizing committee for the WMO solid precipitation intercomparison experiment, fourth session : final report
This report provides a summary of the Fourth session of the International Organizing Committee (IOC) of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) that was held in Davos, Switzerland from 17 to 21 June 2013.
The IOC reviewed the outcomes of the first winter season focusing in particular on issues which were experienced on the different sites and which could affect data quality and data availability towards deciding on necessary modifications and clarifications on the overall set-up of the experiment and procedures to be followed within SPICE.
The IOC reviewed ...
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Topics geo natural catastrophes 2012: analyses, assessments, positions
Munich-Re, 2013This report shows that the natural catastrophe statistics for 2012 were largely dominated by atmospheric events, with no catastrophic earthquakes. Due to a number of major weather-related catastrophes, including severe tornado outbreaks in the spring and a record drought in the US Midwest, the USA accounted for an exceptionally high proportion of natural catastrophes. However, Russia also experienced unusually hot, dry conditions, and vast tracts of land were devastated by wildfires.
Turn down the heat: climate extremes, regional impacts, and the case for resilience
This report focuses on the risks of climate change to development in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia and South Asia. Building on the 2012 report, Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must be Avoided, this new scientific analysis gives a more detailed look at how the negative impacts of climate change already in motion could create devastating conditions especially for those least able to adapt. It asserts that the case for resilience has never been stronger. This report demands action. It reinforces the fact that climate change is a fundamental threat to economic development and the ...
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Farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa: a synthesis of empirical studies and implications for public policy in African agriculture: In Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 5, No. 4
The problem of climate change in Africa has the potential of undermining sustainable development efforts if steps are not taken to respond to its adverse consequences. This study reviews existing and available literature on farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change in sub-Sahara Africa.
It is evident that the majority of farmers in sub-Sahara Africa are aware of warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns. To respond to these changes, farmers have adopted crop diversification, planting different crop varieties, changing planting and harvesting dates to corres ...
Services météorologiques, hydrologiques et climatologiques: compétences requises des formateurs
Le présent document définit un cadre de compétence pour le personnel impliqué dans les activités de formation, mais il n’est pas nécessaire que chaque intervenant possède l’ensemble des compétences présentées. Toutefois, dans les conditions d’application énoncées ci-après, qui seront différentes pour chaque organisation, on s’attend à ce que tout établissement qui propose des services d’enseignement et de formation à des météorologistes ou à des hydrologistes en exercice ou en cours de formation soit doté du personnel susceptible de couvrir l’ensemble des compétences voulues.
Competency Requirements for Education and Training Providers for Meteorological, Hydrological, and Climate Services
This document sets out a competency framework for personnel involved in training, but it is not necessary that each person has the full set of competencies. However, within the following application conditions, which will be different for each organization, it is expected that any institution providing education and training services to current and future meteorologists and hydrologists will have staff somewhere within the organization who together cover all the competencies.
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National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Baseline Scenarios : Learning from Experiences in Developing Countries
Xenarios Stefanos - RiceClima, 2013This report aims rather to contribute to a better understanding of the issues and challenges involved in drawing up baseline scenarios, by documenting and drawing lessons from the breadth of existing practices in a range of countries. This existing diversity is both a key asset for gradually increasing the robustness of baseline scenarios, but also the reason for a lack of comparability.
PWS, 27. Guidelines for Implementation of Common Alerting Protocol (CAP)-Enabled Emergency Alerting
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Public Weather Services (PWS) Programme has the primary role of assisting National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to develop or enhance their capacity to deliver services to the public, media, disaster managers and responders and other users in socio-economic sectors. The PWS Programme therefore assists NMHSs in their responsibility of providing warning and alerting services for the safety of life and livelihood, and property when threatened by extreme weather events such as heavy rain, heavy snow, strong winds, heat waves and extre ...
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Adaptation inspiration book: 22 implemented cases of local climate change adaptation to inspire European citizens
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Factsheet: overview of disaster risk reduction in the Arab region
UNDP, 2013This publication provides a short overview of disaster risk reduction in the Arab region. It focuses on the major risks, why in particular cities are at risk and what are the drivers of disaster risk in the region. Further, the factsheet provides information about the achievements and challenges for the future.
Руководящие указания для преподавателей в области метеорологического, гидрологического и климатического обслуживания
Компетенции, описанные в настоящей публикации, предназначены для повышения профессионального статуса обучающих лиц и уточнения их ожиданий посредством определения знаний, навыков, умений и профессиональных установок, которые требуются от преподавателей, оказывающих поддержку странам – членам ВМО. Помимо этих компетенций публикация содержит обширный материал, который поможет преподавателям повышать уровень их компетенций. Цель заключается в поощрении преподавателей, как начинающих, так и с опытом работы в этом качестве, к более глубокому осмыслению процесса обучения и расширению, таким образом, ...
Directrices para los instructores de los servicios meteorológicos, hidrológicos y climáticos
Las competencias descritas en esta publicación tienen por finalidad realzar el estatus profesional de los instructores y aclarar sus expectativas. Para ello, se definen los conocimientos, las aptitudes y los comportamientos exigidos a los instructores que apoyan a los Miembros de la OMM. Además de las competencias, la presente publicación contiene abundante material que ayudará a los instructores a desarrollar esas competencias. El objetivo es alentar a los instructores, ya sean inexpertos o experimentados, a reflexionar con mayor detenimiento sobre el proceso de aprendizaje y, por ende, poten ...
Directives à l’intention des formateurs dans le domaine des services météorologiques, hydrologiques et climatologiques
Les compétences décrites dans la présente publication visent à améliorer la situation professionnelle des formateurs et permettent de mieux cerner les attentes en définissant les connaissances, aptitudes et attitudes que ceux-ci doivent avoir pour apporter leur aide aux Membres de l’OMM. Outre la description des différentes compétences requises, la publication contient de nombreuses informations susceptibles d’aider les formateurs à développer ces compétences. L’objectif est d’encourager les formateurs, qu’ils soient novices ou expérimentés, à réfléchir de manière plus approfondie au processus ...
رقم 9 | 6 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 2013 - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة بغازات الدفيئة
توفر هذه هي النشرة التاسعة من سلسلة النشرات السنوية المتعلقة بغازات الدفيئة والتي يصدرها برنامج المراقبة العالمية للغلاف الجوية ) )GAW التابع للمنظمة ) WMO ( معلومات حول وفرة أهم غازات الدفيئة الطويلة الأمد ) LLGHGs ( في الغلاف الجوي، ومعدلات تغيرها، وهي ثاني أكسيد الكربون، والميثان، وأكسيد النيتروز، كما تقدم ملخصاً يتناول مساهمات الغازات الأخرى. وتسهم هذه الغازات الثلاثة، إلى جانب الكلوروفلوروكربون ) CFC-12 (، والكلوروفلوروكربون ) )CFC-11 بنسبة 96 ٪ ] 4[ تقريباً من التأثير الإشعاعي القسري الناجم عن غازات الدفيئة ) LLGHGs.
WMO 温室气体公报 - 第9号，2013年11月6日: 基于2012年全球观测的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2013第九期WMO/GAW年度温室气体公报公布了最重要的 长生命期温室气体(LLGHG)(二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亚氮)的 大气含量和变化速率，并提供了其它气体的贡献概况。这三种气体以及CFC-12和CFC-11共约占长生命期温室气体所造 成辐射强迫的96%.
№ 9, ноября 2012 г. - Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам
BMO, 2013В этом девятом ежегодном бюллетене ГСА/ВМО по парниковым газам сообщается о концентрациях в атмосфере и темпах изме- нения важнейших долгоживущих парниковых газов (ДПГ) — двуокиси углерода, метана, закиси азота, а также приводится краткая информация о вкладах других газов. На эти три газа, наряду с ХФУ-12 и ХФУ-11, приходится приблизительно 96 %[4] радиационного воздействия, обусловленного ДПГ.
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°9: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2012
En este noveno boletín anual sobre los gases de efecto invernadero de la VAG de la OMM se informa acerca de la carga atmosférica y los índices de evolución de los principales gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración (CO2, CH4, N2O) y se resumen las contribuciones de otros gases. Esos tres gases junto con el CFC-12 y el CFC-11 contribuyen aproximadamente a un 96%[4] del forzamiento radiativo debido a los gases de efecto invernadero de larga duración.
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre. N°9: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère, d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2012
Le présent bulletin, le neuvième d’une série de bulletins sur les gaz à effet de serre publiés chaque année par l’OMM dans le cadre du Programme de la VAG, rend compte de l’évolution de la concentration atmosphérique des principaux gaz à effet de serre persistants (dioxyde de carbone, méthane, protoxyde d'azote) et présente un récapitulatif de la contribution des autres gaz. Avec les CFC-11 et CFC-12, ces trois gaz sont responsables de 96 %[4] environ du forçage radiatif induit par les gaz à effet de serre persistants.
Требования к компетентности преподавательского состава в области образования и подготовки кадров для метеорологических, гидрологических и климатических служб
BMO, 2013В настоящем документе рассматривается перечень компетенций для сотрудников, принимающих участие в профессиональном обучении. При этом необязательно, чтобы каждый из них обладал полным набором предлагаемых компетенций. Вместе с тем при определенных условиях, которые будут различаться для каждой отдельной организации, предполагается, что любое учебное заведение, предоставляющее услуги в области образования и подготовки кадров для настоящих и будущих метеорологов и гидрологов, будет располагать в рамках своей организационной структуры штатом сотрудников, которые вместе взятые смогут охватить в ...
Las competencias que requieren los proveedores de servicios de enseñanza y formación de los Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales
En el presente documento se establece unmarco de competencias para el personal que participa en la formación,si bien no es necesario que cada persona reúna todas las competencias. Sin embargo,sí se espera que, en elmarco de cada una de las siguientes solicitudes, que diferirán según la organización, todas las instituciones que proporcionen servicios de enseñanza y formación ameteorólogos e hidrólogos actuales y futuros cuenten con personal que, en su conjunto, cubra todas las competencias.
PWS, 27. Directrices para la aplicación de alertas de emergencia adaptadas al Protocolo de alerta común (CAP)
El Programa de Servicios Meteorológicos para el Público (PSMP) de la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) tiene por objeto principal ayudar a los Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales (SMHN) a desarrollar o mejorar su capacidad para prestar servicios al público, los medios de comunicación, las autoridades encargadas de la gestión de desastres, los equipos de emergencia y otros usuarios de los sectores social y económico. Por consiguiente, el PSMP ayuda a los SMHN a cumplir con su responsabilidad de proporcionar servicios de alerta y aviso con objeto de garantizar la seguridad ...
PWS, 27. مبادئ توجيهية بشأن التحذير في حالات الطوارئ على أساس بروتوكول التحذير الموح
يتمثل الدور الرئيسي لبرنامج الخدمات العامة في للمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية (PWS) مجال الطقس في مساعدة المرافق الوطنية للأرصاد الجوية (WMO) على تطوير وتعزيز قدرتها (NMHSs) والهيدرولوجيا على تقديم خدمات إلى الجمهور، ووسائط الإعلام، والمعنيين بإدارة الكوارث والاستجابة في حال وقوعها، وغيرهم من المستخدِمين في القطاعات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية. وبناء على ذلك يقدّم برنامج الخدمات العامة المساعدة للمرافق الوطنية (PWS) في مجال الطقس للاضطلاع بمسؤوليتها في توفير خدمات (NMHSs) التحذير والإنذار من أجل سلامة الأرواح وسبل العيش والممتلكات عندما تكون مهددة بسبب الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة، آالأمطار الغزيرة والث ...
PWS, 27. Руководящие указания по реализации оповещений в чрезвычайных ситуациях на основе использования возможностей Общего протокола оповещения (САР)
Программа по метеорологическому обслуживанию населения (МОН) Всемирной Метеорологической Организации (ВМО) играет ведущую роль в оказании поддержки национальным метеорологическим и гидрологическим службам (НМГС) в развитии или расширении их возможностей предоставлять обслуживание населению, средствам массовой информации, органам, отвечающим за управление и реагирование в случае бедствий, а также другим пользователям, представляющим социально-экономические сектора. По этой причине Программа по МОН помогает НМГС в осуществлении их обязанностей по предоставлению обслуживания, связанного с предупр ...
PWS, 27. Principes directeurs pour la mise en oeuvre de systèmes d’alerte en cas d’urgence compatibles avec le Protocole d’alerte commun (PAC)
Le Programme des services météorologiques destinés au public (PSMP) relevant de l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) vise principalement à aider les Services météorologiques et hydrologiques nationaux (SMHN) à développer ou à améliorer leur capacité de fournir des services à la population, aux médias, aux responsables de la gestion des catastrophes, au personnel d’intervention ainsi qu’aux autres utilisateurs des divers secteurs socio-économiques concernés. Il aide donc les SMHN à remplir leur mission et à fournir des services d’avis et d’alerte en vue d’assurer la protection des perso ...
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Subseasonal to seasonal prediction project: bridging the gap between weather and climate
Great progress has been made in recent decades on development and applications of medium-range weather forecasts and seasonal climate predictions. The subseasonal to seasonal project will bring the weather and climate communities together to tackle the intervening time range, harnessing shared and complementary experience and expertise in forecasting, research and applications, toward more seamless weather/climate prediction systems and more integrated weather and climate services.
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Powering our Future with Weather, Climate and Water
Bulletin, Vol. 61(1). WMO, 2012Each year, on 23 March, World Meteorological Day commemorates the entry into force, in 1950, of the WMO Convention creating the Organization.
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Reaching the Last Mile with Mobile Weather Alert : the user-interface platform in action
Bulletin, Vol. 61(1). WMO, 2012Hundreds of thousands of lives, and livelihoods, are threatened and lost every year in Africa due to the impacts of climate variability and severe weather conditions.
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De las observaciones a la prestación de servicios: retos y oportunidades
El modo en que se procesan las observaciones resulta fundamental para la prestación de servicios de vigilancia y predicción del tiempo, el clima y la calidad del aire.
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От наблюдений к предоставлению обслуживания: задачи и возможности
То, как обрабатываются данные наблюдений, имеет важнейшее значение для предоставления обслуживания в области мониторинга и прогнозирования погоды, качества воздуха и климата.
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Метеорология и энергетика с позиции ВМО
Бюллетень, Том 60(2). BMO, 2012Метеорология охватывает науку, касающуюся как погоды, так и климата. Энергетический сектор испытывает разнообразные потребности в метеорологическом обслуживании для принятия решений относительно повседневных действий и более долгосрочного стратегического планирования.
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66 - February 2012 - A method for estimating the sea-air CO2 flux in the Pacific Ocean
is an issue of 気象研究所技術報告. Meteorological Research Institute, 2012In this technical report, we describe a newly developed method for evaluating monthly fields of oceanic pCO2 and the subsequent temporal variations of the sea-air CO2 flux over extensive regions of the North and South Pacific by using synthesized observational data. The application of this method is expected to contribute to understanding of future changes in the ocean carbon sink and the ocean's role in controlling the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase.
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.8: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2011
This eighth WMO/GAW Annual Bulletin reports on the atmospheric burdens and rates of change of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-12 and CFC-11 – and provides a summary of the contributions of the other gases. These five major gases account for approximately 96%[4] of radiative forcing due to LLGHGs.
Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (GAMP)
The 2010 Edition of this guide has been completely revised and updated. It provides information regarding the most important practices and procedures in agricultural meteorology.
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CAWCR technical report, 57. The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model Roadmap for 2012-2017
Law Rachel M.; Raupach Mickael R.; Abramowitz G. - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, 2012The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model describes landatmosphere exchanges of energy, carbon, water and momentum, together with related biogeochemical, vegetation-dynamic and disturbance processes. CABLE is coupled with several climate models including the UKMO Unified Model as part of ACCESS1.3, used in CAWCR for IPCC AR5 climate projections. CABLE is also a key part of the Australian contributions to two international projects: RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessments and Processes), and LUCID (Land Use Change, IDentification of robust impacts).
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CAWCR technical report, 51. Improvements in POAMA2 for the prediction of major climate drivers and south eastern Australian rainfall
Lim Eun-Pa; Hendon Harry H.; Langford Sally; et al. - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, 2012Ocean-atmosphere interactions are key processes that drive seasonal climate variability. In the global sense, the atmosphere drives the upper ocean via heat flux, fresh water flux and wind stress (Anderson 2008). But in the tropics where the ocean surface temperature (hereafter, sea surface temperature, SST) is warm enough to trigger deep atmospheric convection, the ocean exerts strong controls on the atmosphere especially at longer time scales because of its slow variations and strong thermal inertia. Consequently, the highest predictability of atmospheric climate (e.g. temperature and rainfa ...
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CAWCR technical report, 48. Seasonal Climate Prediction in the Pacific using the POAMA coupled model forecast system
Cottrill A.; Hendon Harry H.; Lim Eun-Pa; et al. - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, 2012The tropical Pacific Ocean basin is home to over 20 Pacific Island nations, many of which are sensitive to climate extremes from the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and rainfall variability associated the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and the South Pacific Convergence Zone. These Pacific Island countries are highly dependent on agriculture, fishing and tourism as a major source of food production and income, which can vary greatly depending on the weather and climate experienced from year to year. Hence, the provision of skilful seasonal forecasts is important to allow these countries to ...
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The World's Hottest Temperature Cools A Bit
2012An evaluation team of investigators from the World Meteorological Organization, headed by ASU's Randy Cerveny, has disqualified the world-record temperature of 58 deg C from El Aizia, Libya in 1922 and replaced with a reading of 134 deg F from Death Valley, California from 1913.
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Global and European climate response to transient forcings since 1870, as simulated in an atmospheric general circulation model
Bichet Adeline - ETH, 2012Predicting and adapting to climate change is one of the major challenges for the twenty-first century. To better understand the future changes in precipitation associated with climate change on the global and regional scale, this thesis investigates, for the past 140 years, the time-varying impact of the major climate forcings on precipitation. To do so, the global climate is simulated between 1870 and 2005 in a transient mode with the atmospheric general circulation model “ECHAM5- HAM”. The model is forced with observationally based time-varying sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the major ...
IOM Report, 111. Survey on the Surface, Climate and Upper-air Observations and Quality Management in RA II (Asia)
This publication reports on the results of a survey on the surface, climate and upper-air observations and quality management in Regional Association II (Asia). The survey was conducted as one of the activities for the Pilot Project to Enhance the Availability and Quality Management Support for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in Surface, Climate and Upper-air Observations, established during the 14th Session of Regional Association II (Asia), held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan in December 2008
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WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin)
