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世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第13期: 基于2016年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2017对WMO GAW计划提供的观测资料进行的最新分析表明，利 用该实地网络提供的资料计算出的CO2、甲烷(CH4)和氧化 亚氮(N2O)全球平均地面摩尔分数(2)在2016年达到了新高， 其中CO2为403.3 ± 0.1 ppm、CH4为1853 ± 2 ppb(3) 以及N2O 为328.9 ± 0.1 ppb。这些数值分别是工业化前(1750年之前) 水平的145%、257% 和122%。2015年至2016年二氧化碳 创记录的3.3 ppm升幅高于上次2012年至2013年观测到的 创记录增幅以及过去十年的平均增长率。2015/2016年的厄 尔尼诺事件通过气候变化与碳循环之间复杂的双向相互作 用，推动了增长率上升。2015年至2016年CH4的增幅略低 于2014年至2015年观测到的增幅，但高于过去十年的平均 值。2015年至2016年N2O的增幅也略低于2014年至2015年 观测到的增幅以及过去十年的平均增长率。美国国家海洋和 大气管理局(NOAA)年度温室气体指数(AGGI)[3、4]表明， 从1990年至2016年，长寿命温室气体(LLGHG)的辐射强迫 增加了40%，其中CO2约占这一增幅的80%。
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2016
یتبین من أحدث تحلیل للرصدات من برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي GAW) ) أن المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزیئیة( 2) المحسوب من ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ) والمیثان ( CH4 ) وأكسید النیتروز ( N2O ) قد بلغ مستویات مرتفعة جدیدة في عام 2016 ، بحیث بلغ المتوسط فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون 403.3 ± 0.1 جزء في الملیون، وفیما یتعلق بالمیثان 1853 ± 2 جزء في البلیون( 3)، وفیما یتعلق بأكسید النیتروز 328.9 ± 0.1 جزء في البلیون. وھذه القیَم تشكّل، على التوالي، 145 في المائة و 257 في المائة و 122 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (أي ما قبل عام 1750 ). وكانت الزیادة الق ...
观云识天 [海报]
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2017
Una carrera en meteorología
Este folleto es una breve introducción a la carrera de meteorología. [...] Esta segunda edición de Una carrera en meteorología se publica para conmemorar el Día Meteorológico Mundial de 2014, cuyo tema es “Comprometiendo a los jóvenes con el tiempo y el clima”. Desde que se publicara la primera edición en 2006, el tiempo y los temas afines del clima y la hidrología han ido cobrando una importancia cada vez mayor. En 2007 el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC), establecido por la Organización Meteorológica Mundial y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Me ...
Карьера в метеорологии
Настоящая публикация представляет собой краткое введение к вопросу о том, как сделать карьеру в области метеорологии. Для получения дополнительной информации, например о квалификации, подготовке кадров и имеющихся возможностях, вам предлагается обратиться к вашему консультанту по вопросам трудовой деятельности или в вашу местную или национальную метеорологическую службу.
Les métiers de la météorologie
Cet ouvrage présente succinctement les métiers de la météorologie. Pour obtenir d’autres informations concernant les qualifications requises, la formation à suivre et les possibilités d’emploi, nous vous invitons à vous adresser à votre conseiller d’orientation professionnelle, ou à votre Service météorologique local ou national.
观云识天
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2017
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Использование метеорологических данных могло бы поднять уровень готовности почтовых служб
«Ни снег, ни дождь, ни жара, ни ночной мрак не остановит этих гонцов от быстрейшего завершения назначенного пути». Эта фраза, выгравированная на стене здания почтового отделения имени Джеймса А. Фарли в Нью- Йорке, стала неофициальным девизом, отражающим надежность почтового обслуживания. Тем не менее в силу сильной разветвленности сетей и зависимости от основной инфраструктуры на работу почтовых служб могут оказывать большое влияние бедствия, особенно те, которые связаны с природными метеорологическими опасными и экстремальными явлениями.
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Climate Predictability in the Stratosphere
In order to accurately predict the day-to-day evolution of weather systems, one needs a detailed description of the initial state of the atmosphere. A good picture of the actual atmospheric conditions is therefore required. Predictability of the atmosphere associated with its initial state is, however, limited to approximately 10 days. Beyond this limit, only statistical properties of atmospheric conditions can be predicted. Of these, the mean state of the atmosphere over some period of time and the probability of extreme weather events are perhaps the most relevant for society.
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Toronto 2015 – Pan and Parapan American Games: An Environment and Climate Change Canada Perspective
The Pan American and Parapan American Games are a regional international summer sporting event staged in the year prior to the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. The Pan American Sports Organiza¬tion awarded the 2015 Games to Canada in November 2009. Approximately 11 000 athletes, athlete support personnel and technical officials from 41 countries participated in the Toronto 2015 Pan American and Parapan American Games (Toronto Games). These were held in the Greater Toronto Area in the southern part of the province of Ontario from 10 to 26 July and 7 to 15 August 2015, respectively.
E ...
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Three research projects to share US$ 5 million grant
Bulletin, Vol. 65(1). WMO, 2016WMO congratulates the three scientists leading the research teams that will share the US$ 5 million grant from the United Arab Emirates Research Programme for Rain Enhancement Science.
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Lancement d’un programme international de bourses de recherche de 5 millions de dollars
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). OMM, 2016La population mondiale devrait augmenter de trois milliards de personnes d’ici 2050, et 90 % de cette croissance s’observera dans les pays en développement. Or, les habitants de ces pays dépendent actuellement, pour leurs besoins en eau potable et pour la production d’aliments, des ressources en eau traditionnelles et des précipitations. La croissance démographique projetée poussera vraisemblablement les systèmes mondiaux d’approvisionnement en eau au bord de la crise.
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Des services météorologiques plus avantageux pour les agriculteurs
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). OMM, 2016Quelque 842 millions de personnes dans le monde n’ont pas les moyens de se nourrir convenablement et souff rent de faim chronique. L’insécurité alimentaire et la pauvreté sont clairement liées. Dans de nombreux pays, l’intégration des informations météorologiques et climatologiques dans la prise de décision en matière d’agriculture a permis d’optimiser la production agricole. Cependant, dans les pays en développement, où la plupart des petits exploitants agricoles dépendent de l’agriculture en sec, l’accès aux informations météorologiques et climatologiques pouvant faciliter la prise de décisi ...
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Quel est l’état de la couche d’ozone?: Le point sur l’évaluation la plus récente eff ectuée par l’OMM/PNUE
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). OMM, 2016L’évaluation de l’état de la couche d’ozone réalisée en 2014, la plus récente en date, établit des prévisions concernant le retour aux valeurs d’avant 1980. Sous les latitudes moyennes de l’hémisphère Nord (35-60°N), la concentration d’ozone total est aujourd’hui inférieure d’environ 3,5 % à ce qu’elle était pendant la période 1964-1980. Sous les latitudes moyennes de l’hémisphère Sud (35-60°S), elle est inférieure de 6 % environ. La déperdition plus importante observée dans l’hémisphère Sud est liée au trou qui se forme dans la couche d’ozone au-dessus de l’Antarctique. Après la baisse du tau ...
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Plaidoyer en faveur de la prévision hydrologique à échéance prolongée pour une meilleure gestion des ressources en eau
L’eau douce est une ressource importante pour la vie humaine, l’activité économique, la santé des écosystèmes et les processus géophysiques. Au cours de la première décennie du XXIe siècle, l’Australie a subi des épisodes de conditions météorologiques extrêmes et vécu, en 2013, l’année la plus chaude jamais observée depuis le début des relevés, en 1910. Les conditions hydrologiques en Australie comptent parmi les plus variables du monde. Le pays peut traverser de longues périodes de sécheresse comme la «sécheresse du millénaire» qui a frappé, entre 1997 et 2000, la plus grande partie de l’est ...
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L’entreprise hydrométéorologique: avantages des partenariats
L’OMM et le Service météorologique national (NWS) de l’Administration américaine pour les océans et l’atmosphère (NOAA) ont une fois encore organisé une réunion internationale en marge de la 95e assemblée annuelle de la Société météorologique américaine (AMS), en janvier. Cette réunion a été l’occasion d’examiner le rôle important et unique joué par les Services météorologiques et hydrologiques nationaux (SMHN) pour aider la société à prendre des décisions plus judicieuses pour faire face à la vulnérabilité croissante de l’environnement aux phénomènes météorologiques et climatiques extrêmes.
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Progrès réalisés dans l’observation et la prévision du phénomène ENSO
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). OMM, 2016Les gouvernements, les entreprises du secteur privé et les particuliers sont de plus en plus exigeants lorsqu’il s’agit de la qualité des services climatologiques, d’où l’importance du Cadre mondial pour les services climatologiques (CMSC). Cependant, certaines composantes du réseau d’observation de l’océan – pourtant essentielles à la prestation de ces services – risquent de se dégrader, et les systèmes de prévision climatique ont du mal à rester au fait des attentes croissantes quant à l’exactitude et à la fi abilité des services.1234
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Sauvetage, archivage et conservation des données météorologiques
Les dépôts de données et les centres d’archivage sont des sources essentielles de données d’observation utilisées pour l’étude du temps et du climat. Après avoir été compilées sur papier pendant plus de deux siècles, les données d’observation sont depuis 20 ans recueillies surtout sous forme électronique. Les dépôts de données répartis dans le monde entier contiennent aujourd’hui un mélange de données stockées sur des supports physiques – par exemple, papier et microfi lms – et sur des supports numériques comme les disquettes informatiques, les bandes magnétiques et les DVD. Peu importe le sup ...
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Mégapoles – Affi ner les modèles pour répondre aux besoins des clients
L’urbanisation galopante, la détérioration de l’environnement et le changement climatique rendent les personnes, les organisations et les entreprises plus vulnérables aux dangers météorologiques et environnementaux. La vie moderne nous oblige à rester à tout moment intimement conscients de l’état de notre environnement personnel – conditions météorologiques et climatiques, et qualité de l’air, de l’eau et du sol – au travail, au foyer ou pendant nos loisirs, à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur.1234
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L’avenir de l’entreprise météorologique
Alors que les incidences du temps et du climat ne cessent de s’aggraver, il importe de chercher des stratégies qui permettront de renforcer les outils scientifi ques et technologiques qui nous ont permis, au cours des quatre dernières décennies, d’améliorer sensiblement nos aptitudes en matière de prévisions et de services météorologiques. Il n’y a pas si longtemps – à l’époque où la génération du baby-boom faisait son entrée sur le marché du travail – l’échéance des prévisions exactes et fi ables du temps ne dépassait pas 24 heures. Aujourd’hui, il est normal de pouvoir compter sur la diff us ...
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La météo: quel avenir?
Les nouvelles sources d’observations de l’atmosphère, les supercalculateurs plus puissants et les progrès de la science ont contribué ensemble à révolutionner la prévision du temps au cours de la dernière partie du XXe siècle. À l’échelle mondiale, nous sommes désormais capables de faire cinq jours à l’avance des prévisions aussi précises que celles qui étaient produites trois jours à l’avance il y a 20 ans. Les sociétés peuvent donc aujourd’hui recevoir bien plus tôt qu’avant des alertes aux aléas météorologiques qui leurs permettent de se préparer et de limiter ainsi les pertes humaines et m ...
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.12: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2015
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme shows that globally averaged surface mole fractions(3) calculated from this in situ network for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2015, with CO2 at 400.0±0.1 ppm, CH4 at 1845±2 ppb(4) and N2O at 328.0±0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 144%, 256% and 121% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. It is predicted that 2016 will be the first year in which CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory remains above 400 ppm all year, and hence for many generations [ ...
WIGOS Technical Report, 2016-01. AMDAR Benefits to the Air Transport Industry
This report describes and documents the benefits that the Air Transport Industry (ATI) gains from increased forecast accuracy achieved through the daily collection of atmospheric data gathered by approximately 4,000 inflight commercial aircraft. The report also outlines the Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay (AMDAR) observing system, the forecast process and describes the importance that AMDAR data plays in numerical weather prediction (NWP).
Measuring the benefits to the ATI requires first to describe and to quantify the improved weather forecast accuracies due solely to the assimilat ...
Forecasting Mountain Wave Turbulence for Aviation
Turbulent flow that impacts aviation can be caused by several different factors and can occur at both low and high-levels in the atmosphere. This lesson focuses on forecasting mountain wave turbulence. Its methodology relies on the spatial and temporal distribution of winds, stability, and clouds to forecast and verify mountain wave turbulence. Analyzed forecast products include NWP charts, cross sections and soundings, satellite imagery, RAOBs, PIREPS, and graphical turbulence guidance (GTG). The lesson is targeted for aviation forecasters at the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS). The modul ...
Forecasters' Overview of the Mediterranean and Europe
This module provides an introduction to the European continent and the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas for weather forecasters. It focuses on geography, climatology, oceanography, major aspects of the synoptic and mesoscale weather patterns, and hazards to aviation and maritime operations. Geography covers major political boundaries, cities, ports, topographical features, rivers, and volcanic areas. Climatology covers the seasonal climatology of jet stream, synoptic weather systems, extratropical cyclones, and high winds and seas. Oceanography includes major bathymetric features; mean sea su ...
SatFC-G: Near-IR Bands
This lesson introduces you to three of the four near-infrared imager bands (at 1.37, 1.6, and 2.2 micrometers) on the GOES R-U ABI (Advanced Baseline Imager), focusing on their spectral characteristics and how they affect what each band observes. For information on the 0.86 micrometer near-IR "veggie" band which is not included here, refer to the Visible and Near-IR Bands lesson. This lesson is a part of the NWS Satellite Foundation GOES-R Course.
Satellite Foundational Course for GOES-R: SatFC-G (SHyMet Full Course Access)
The Satellite Foundational Course for GOES-R (SatFC-G) is a series of nearly 40 lessons designed specifically for National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters and decision makers to prepare for the U.S.’ next-generation geostationary environmental satellites. The course is intended to help learners develop or improve their understanding of the capabilities, value, and anticipated benefits from the GOES-R suite of instruments. These instruments and imagery offer improved monitoring of meteorological, environmental, climatological, and space weather phenomena and related hazards. The course will a ...
Predicting Convective Cessation for Aviation Forecasters
This module introduces aviation forecasters to a conceptual framework for analyzing, diagnosing and predicting convective cessation and resulting conditions near airports. Users will first learn about five main environments with respect to convection, and three patterns in which these environments are commonly arranged. Next, users are immersed into an adjustable-time case simulator to practice applying the convective environment frameworks to their forecast process, while periodically amending TAFs and responding to warning, storm report and caller interruptions. Finally, a case summary ties ...
SatFC-G: IR Bands, Excluding Water Vapor
This lesson introduces seven of the ten infrared imager bands on the GOES R-U ABI (Advanced Baseline Imager). It examines the spectral characteristics of each band to facilitate a better understanding of band selection and what each band observes, and to shed light on some of the many potential applications. This lesson is a part of the NWS Satellite Foundation GOES-R Course.
The Science of Radio Occultation and the COSMIC Mission
The lesson provides an overview of radio occultation and its contributions to our understanding of Earth's atmosphere as demonstrated by the COSMIC mission launched in 2006. The lesson is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1 describes the science of radio occultation and how atmospheric profiles are obtained. Chapter 2 focuses on the benefits of radio occultation and COSMIC observations for numerous applications related to meteorology, climate, and space weather. Chapter 3 describes the COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7 mission and its expected improvements to further inform meteorology, climate, and iono ...
Forecasting Clear Air Turbulence for Aviation
This case-based, interactive lesson teaches a process for forecasting clear air turbulence (CAT) and applies it to a case that occurred over the U.S. Information about the synoptic patterns that generate CAT and the products and indices used to identify it are woven into the case. Some of this information is presented in optional sections intended for those who are unfamiliar with the material or want a refresher. The lesson is aimed at national and international forecasters who make aviation forecasts.
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Fogbows
Porto Roberto - WMO, 2016"- Location name, latitude and longitude (map entry tool available) Teide National Park Tenerife Spain
latitude 28°16'51.83"N longitude 16°34'27.76"w
- Climate Classification (Koppen scheme ; map entry available) BSh
- Type of location (land/sea or air): land/sea
- Camera pointing direction.west
- Meteor type (e.g. clouds, lithometers, etc.) atmospheric optic : fogbows
- Cloud Genera (e.g. Cirrocumulus, unknown, etc.) fogbows
metadata : nikon d5300 with nikkor fish eye (ultra wide )"
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Sea Breeze
Miller Jack - WMO, 2016"This is my first time-lapse film I decided to put together. All scenes are shot in Florida from April - September 2016. This film is meant to showcase Florida's weather pattern from a stray shower to a fierce severe warned thunderstorm.
Through that time period, I had taken over 149,000 photos between the two cameras for this project. Less than half were used for the final production. Overall editing took about 2 months and was really because of the music choice as I had switched songs half way through the project.
***Technical*** - Equipment used was a Canon 6D ...
Statistical analysis of rainfall trend and water vapor distribution over the Central African Republic
To apprehend the temporal and spatial distribution of the rainfall over CAR, we computed thirty-three years (1981-2013) of monthly rainfall, relative humidity over the country divided into four (4) distinct sub-regions. Bearing different characteristics one to another, we found that Region 2 and Region 4 were having a statistical significant upward trend along the long term rainfall variation; meanwhile Region 3 was the one having a highest coefficient of variation on the yearly basis. The composite analysis showed that December, January and February were the months with higher frequency of va ...
Investigating the variation of intra-seasonal rainfall characteristics in Sierra Leone
The rainy season in Sierra Leone is unimodal from April to October; an understanding of the inter-annual variability of rainfall in Sierra Leone is of importance to economic sectors such as fisheries, agriculture, infrastructure, hydro-electric power generation (HEP) and water resources. This study investigated the variation of the intra-seasonal rainfall characteristics in Sierra Leone. Daily rainfall data from 4 synoptic stations was obtained from the Sierra Leone Meteorological Department from 1990-2014.
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 12: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2015 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы Глобальной службы атмосферы (ГСА) ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(3), рассчитанные на основании этой сети наблюдений двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O) in situ достигли в 2015 г. новых максимумов, причем для CO2 новый максимум составил 400,0}0,1 млн–1, для CH4 — 1845}2 млрд–1(4), а для N2O — 328,0}0,1 млрд–1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 144 %, 256 % и 121 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (1750 г.) уровням. Ожидается, что 2016 год станет первым годом ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°12: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2015
El último análisis de las observaciones de la VAG de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie3), calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O), alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2015 al registrar, respectivamente, 400,0±0,1 ppm, 1 845±2 ppb4) y 328,0±0,1 ppb, lo que representa respectivamente el 144%, 256% y 121% de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). Se prevé que 2016 será el primer año en que en el Observatorio Mauna Loa se registre un nivel de CO2 superior a 400 ppm durante tod ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°12: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l'atmosphère, d'après les observations effectuées à l'échelle du globe en 2015
La toute dernière analyse des données d'observation recueillies par le réseau in situ du Programme de la Veille de l'atmosphère globale (VAG) de l'OMM révèle qu'à l'échelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface3) du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du méthane (CH4) et du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2015, s'établissant respectivement à 400,0±0,1 ppm, 1 845±2 ppb4) et 328,0± 0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs représentent respectivement 144 %, 256 % et 121 % des niveaux préindustriels (avant 1750). On prévoit que 2016 sera la première année où la teneur de l'atmosphère en CO2 mesuré ...
Fog Forecasting for Heathrow, Northolt and Kenley Aerodromes Using Model Output Statistics
Fog though a rare event has adverse economic implications to both the airline and aviation service providers if it’s occurrence, duration and dissipation periods are not properly predicted. This work assesses the accuracy and skill in forecasting fog events and suggesting possible adjustments to improve forecast accuracy and skill. The forecast used in this study are produced by MeteoGroup using Model Output Statistics (MOS). Forecasts for Heathrow, Northolt and Kenley are considered for analysis. These forecasts are used by British Airports Authority (BAA) in planning airport operations. The ...
GAW Report, 229. 18th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2015)
The 18th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT - 2015) took place from 13 to 17 September 2015 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla (CA), USA. It was the 40 th anniversary of the first GGMT meeting (then called "CO 2 Experts Meeting") which was also held at Scripps in 1974. WMO has provided the framework for all carbon dioxide experts meetings since 1975. IAEA in Vienna joined WMO as a co - organizer in 1997 due to the increased use of carbon isotopes in studying the carbon cycle. The meeting reviewed current WMO ...
Weather, Climate and Hydrological services: how WMO supports the 2030 agenda for sustainable development
Weather, climate and water can either disrupt sustainable development or advance it. The providers of weather, climate, hydrological, marine and related environmental services therefore have a critical role to play in assisting countries to implement the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). High-quality meteorological services empower decision-makers to better manage agriculture, public health, water resources, energy production, transportation and other sectors that are critical for national development.
WWRP/PPP, 04. WWRP Polar Prediction Project Implementation Plan for the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP)
The Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) is planned for mid-2017 to mid-2019, centred on 2018. Its goal is to enable a significant improvement in environmental prediction capabilities for the polar regions and beyond, by coordinating a period of intensive observing, modelling, prediction, verification, user-engagement and education activities. With a focus on time scales from hours to a season, YOPP is a major initiative of the World Meteorological Organization’s World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) and a key component of the Polar Prediction Project (PPP). YOPP is being planned and coordinated ...
Diagnosis Of Extreme Rainfall And Temperature Event Over Rwanda (1961-2010)
This study attempted to investigate the variability of extreme rainfall and temperature over Rwanda and the associated circulation anomalies forecasting on wet and dry rainfall events between 1961 and 2010. The datasets used to achieve the objectives includes Temperature, the rainfall dataset, wind vector, pressure vertical velocity (omega) and the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST). The methods used include correlation analysis, Standardized anomaly, composite analysis, and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis. The results show that the mean annual cycle depict two rainy Seas ...
Data Compendium - Summary Documentation of SAR Satellite Data Collections, Plans and Activities
During the past two decades, the collection and utilization of large amounts of satellite radar imagery over vast polar regions has become an outstanding example of international cooperation among space agencies and the polar science community. Building on the successful cooperation and coordination during the International Polar Year (2007/08), the Polar Space Task Group (PSTG) has recently re-enacted the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Coordination Working Group (CWG). The Group provides coordination among space agencies operating SAR satellites to facilitate collection of fundamental SAR dat ...
Aerosol Measurement by Raman Lidar
This paper examines the aerosol extinction coefficient profiles measured by Rayleigh-Raman-Mie-Lidar (RRML) system in Nanjing, China. I introduced two lidars methods (Raman and Fernald) and detection principle, and two lidars data Using Raman analysis method and Fernald analysis method to obtained aerosol extinction coefficient. Aerosol profiles at 607 nm and 532 nm over ranges from 6 km to 10 km were obtained using respectively Raman lidar and Rayleigh lidar in Nanjing.
Variability of Benin JJAS Precipitation associated with MAM SST Anomaly in the Atlantic Ocean
Precipitations vary consistently in Benin from 1981 to 2010. The present study reveals that the variation of Benin JJAS precipitation is positively correlated to MAM Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in Atlantic Ocean with correlation coefficient more than 0.7. When the SST is higher (lower) in the Atlantic Ocean, precipitation over Benin tends to be above (below) normal. The years 1988, 1989, 2003, 2007 and 2008, were wet with 1988, 2003, 2008 high SST over Tropical Southern Atlantic Ocean (STAO) while the years 1982, 1983, 1992 and 1997 formed the dry years with low SST over Tropical Southern At ...
Interannual variation monthly rainfall from May to August associated with large-scale circulation anomalies over south coast of West Africa
The southern coastal region of West Africa (SCWA) is located between 40N-80N latitudes and 100W -50E longitudes near the equator in the northern Hemisphere, the south and west are respectively equatorial and West Atlantic Ocean, and it is consisted to seven countries (Sierra Leon, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria). The rainy season starts from spring to the summer, mainly from May to October. The rainfall is very important for southern coastal of West Africa region which their economy and food supply are highly dependent on agricultural production. Understanding of previo ...
Inter annual summer rainfall variability over Zimbabwe and its possible mechanism
The variability and predictability of summer rainfall over Zimbabwe at inter-annual time scale is studied. Dry and wet seasons are identified using Zimbabwe Standardized Rainfall Index (ZRI). Seasonal rainfall and circulation patterns are investigated at inter annual time scale. The study focuses on the temporal and spatial variation of summer rainfall over Zimbabwe and tries to explain the circulation mechanisms associated with such phenomenon.
Rainfall Variability over Zimbabwe and its relation to large-scale atmosphere-ocean processes
Mamombe Vimbai - 이화여자대학교 대학원, 2016For Zimbabwe, where rain fed agriculture is the backbone of the economy, the importance of accurate rainfall seasonal forecasts cannot be overemphasized (Makarau and Jury, 1997). In fact, extremes in interseasonal variability of rainfall can significantly complicate human livelihoods. In addition, there have been predictions of increased precipitation variability and hydro-meteorological hazards such as floods, droughts, and erratic rainfall due to global warming (Field et al., 2014; Mushore, 2013a). Thus, detailed understanding of the major contributors to the rainfall variability over Zimbab ...
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية النشرة الخاصة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2015
توضح التحلیلات الأخیرة للرصدات التي أجراھا برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي ( GAW ) أن المتوسط العالمي الذي حسبتھ ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة للكسور الجزیئیة( 3) السطحیة لثاني أكسید الكربون والمیثان وأكسید النیتروز قد بلغت أرقاماً عالیة جدیدة في 2015 ، إذ بلغ ثاني أكسید الكربون 400.0±0.1 جزء في الملیون، والمیثان 2± 1845 جزءاً في البلیون( 4)، وأكسید النیتروز 0.1 ± 328.0 جزءاً في البلیون. وتشكل ھذه القیم على التوالي 144 في المائة و 256 في المائة و 121 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (قبل عام 1750 ). ویتوقع أن یكون 2016 ھو أول عام یظل فیھ مستوى تركیز ثاني أكسید الكربون في مرصد مونا لوا فوق ...
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Cap cloud over volcano Teide
Porto Roberto - WMO, 2016"- Location name, latitude and longitude (map entry tool available) Teide National Park, Tenerife Canary islands Spain Latitude 28°16'32.97" longitude 16°43'46.11"W
-Climate Classification (Koppen scheme ; map entry available) BSh
- Type of location (land/sea or air) lans /sea
- Camera pointing direction NE
- Meteor type (e.g. clouds, lithometers, etc.) clouds
- Cloud Genera (e.g. Cirrocumulus, unknown, etc.) altocumulus lenticularis -cap clouds
metadata: nikon d5300 wide angle (18mm) seconds 0-16 and zoomed seconds 17-36. "
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Mammatus over Tenerife Timelapse
Bergersen Thomas - WMO, 2016Video timelapse de las nubes de tipo Mammatus que tuvimos sobre nuestras cabezas tinerfeñas el dia 12 de septiembre 2016. las nubes llegan del sureste y avanzan en direccion noreste, pasando sobre el roque del conde en adeje, para al atrdecer, desaparecer. grabado con Nikon d5300 y Nikon d90 y con Nikor fish eye 10,5 f:2,8 y Tokina 11-16 mm f:2,8. lrtimelapse, y lightroom cc
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Meteo Data Use Could Help Raise Level of Preparedness for Postal Services
“Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.” This phrase, engraved on the side of the James A. Farley Post Office Building in New York City, has become the unofficial motto for the reliability of postal services. Yet, by virtue of their extensive networks and reliance on critical infrastructure, postal services can be profoundly affected by disasters, especially those related to natural meteorological hazards and extremes
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Vol. 53 No. 1 - February/ Février 2015 - Special issue: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Quadrennial Ozone Symposium = Numéro spécial: Comptes-rendus du vingt-deuxième Symposium quadriennal sur l'ozone
is an issue of Atmosphere-ocean. Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, 2015
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US$5 Million International Research Grant Launched
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). WMO, 2015The world’s population is expected to increase by a further three billion by 2050 – and 90% of that growth will be in developing countries that currently rely on existing water supplies and rainfall for food and water. The projected population growth will most likely bring global water supply to a crisis point.
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Making Meteorological Services more Beneficial to Farmers
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). WMO, 2015Some 842 million people worldwide cannot afford to eat adequately and are chronically hungry. The links between food insecurity and poverty are clear. Factoring weather and climate information into agricultural decision-making has optimized agricultural production in many countries. However, in developing countries – where most smallholder farms are rain-fed – access to weather and climate information to guide decision-making is limited. Governments should view such information, crucial to farmers, as a means of alleviating poverty and hunger.
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Is the Ozone Layer on the Mend? Highlights from the most recent WMO/UNEP Ozone Assessment
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). WMO, 2015The 2014 Ozone Assessment provides the latest update of the current state of the ozone layer and makes predictions on when the ozone layer will return to 1980 values. In the northern middle latitudes (35-60°N), total ozone is now about 3.5% less than it was in the period from 1964-1980. At southern middle latitudes (35-60°S), it is about 6% less. The larger depletion in the Southern Hemisphere is linked to the Antarctic ozone hole. Following the decline in total ozone during the 1980s and 1990s, the situation has stabilized since 2000. Hidden under the inter-annual variability, there are indic ...
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The Case for Extended Hydrologic Prediction Services for Improved Water Resource Management
Fresh water is important for human life, economic activity, ecosystem health and geophysical processes. Over the first decade of the twenty-first century, Australia weathered marked extremes, experiencing its warmest period, with 2013 marked as its warmest year since national records began in 1910. Hydrological conditions in Australia are among the most variable on Earth. Its streamflow regime can go through prolonged periods of droughts such as the “Millennium drought” that occurred between 1997 and 2000 across most parts of eastern Australia. This variability has a profound impact on the man ...
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The Hydrometeorological Enterprise: The Benefits of Partnerships
The WMO and the National Weather Service (NWS) of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) once again organized an International Session in the margins of the 95th annual meeting of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in January. This event explored the unique and important role of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) in assisting society to improve environmental decision-making in the face of growing vulnerability to extreme weather and climate events.
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Progress in Observing and Predicting ENSO
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). WMO, 2015Governments, private companies and individuals are demanding ever more sophisticated climate services, as manifested by the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). But parts of the ocean observation network – paramount to the delivery of climate services – are at risk, and the evolution of climate prediction systems is not keeping pace in terms of accuracy and reliability
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Rescue, Archive and Stewardship of Weather Records and Data
Data repositories and archives play a critical role as the source for the observational data used in the study of weather and climate. After over two centuries of recording observations on paper, observations in the last 20 years have mostly been collected digitally. Repositories around the world now have a mix of data on physical media, such as paper and microfilm, and digital media such as computer disks, magnetic tapes and DVDs. There is risk of data loss regardless of storage media. Repositories must identify, appraise, acquire, archive and migrate data to new technologies to make it avail ...
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Megacities – Refining Models to Client Environment
Fast-growing urbanisation, environmental deterioration and climate change are making individuals, organisations and businesses more vulnerable to meteorological and environmental hazards. Modern life requires detailed knowledge about our immediate personal environment – the climate and weather as well as the air, water and soil quality – at work, home or play, may we be indoors or out.
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The Future of the Weather Enterprise
At a time when the impacts of weather and climate are still growing dramatically, it is important to look for strategies to strengthen the science and technology that have resulted in substantial improvements in the skill of weather predictions and services over the past four decades. It was not that long ago – when many baby-boomers were just entering the workforce – that accurate, reliable forecasts did not extend beyond 24 hours. Today, high-quality 5 to 7 day forecasts are the norm. This improvement has resulted in lives being saved and avoidable damage and economic impacts being averted. ...
Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014 - Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer: 2014 update (GORMP 56)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2015To help maintain a broad understanding of the relationship between ozone depletion, ODSs, and the Montreal Protocol, this component of the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014 presents 20 questions and answers about the often-complex science of ozone depletion. Most questions and answers are updates of those presented in previous Ozone Assessments, and a few have been expanded to address newly emerging issues. The questions address the nature of atmospheric ozone, the chemicals that cause ozone deple tion, how global and polar ozone depletion occur, the extent of ozone depletion, the ...
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