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Documents de base, 2. Reglamento Técnico, Volumen II – Servicio meteorológico para la navegación aérea internacional
Los objetivos del presente Reglamento son:
a) facilitar la cooperación entre los Miembros en materia de meteorología e hidrología;
b) satisfacer, de la forma más eficaz posible, necesidades específicas en los diversos campos de aplicación de la meteorología y de la hidrología operativa en el plano internacional;
c) velar adecuadamente por la uniformidad y la normalización de las prácticas y los procedimientos empleados para alcanzar los objetivos enunciados en a) y b)
Basic Documents, 2. Technical Regulations, Volume II: Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
These Regulations are designed:
(a) To facilitate cooperation in meteorology and hydrology between Members;
(b) To meet, in the most effective manner, specific needs in the various fields of application of meteorology and operational hydrology in the international sphere; and
(c) To ensure adequate uniformity and standardization in the practices and procedures employed in achieving (a) and (b) above.
Руководство по приборам и методам наблюдений (ВМО-№ 8)
Первое издание Руководства по метеорологическим приборам и методам наблюдений (ВМО-№ 8) было опубликовано в 1954 г.[…].
Данное Руководство представляет собой ключевой ресурс, в котором содержится описание большинства приборов, систем и методов, используемых на регулярной основе: от простейших до характеризующихся высоким и высочайшим уровнем сложности, при этом не делается попытки описать методы и приборы, которые используются лишь для проведения научных исследований. Задача Руководства состоит в том, чтобы предоставить информацию о передовых методах, процедурах и базовых возможностях п ...
Guía de Instrumentos y Métodos de Observación (OMM-N° 8)
La primera edición de la Guía de Instrumentos y Métodos de Observación Meteorológicos (OMM-Nº 8) se publicó en 1954 […].
La presente Guía es un recurso fundamental que describe la mayoría de los instrumentos, los sistemas y las técnicas utilizados regularmente, desde los más sencillos hasta los más complejos y sofisticados, pero no pretende abordar los métodos e instrumentos que se utilizan únicamente con fines de investigación. Tiene por objeto presentar las mejores prácticas, los procedimientos y las capacidades básicas de los instrumentos y sistemas a fin de ayudar a los Servicios Me ...
Guide des instruments et des méthodes d’observation (OMM-N° 8)
La première édition du Guide des instruments et des methodes d’observation meteorologiques (OMM-N° 8) a été publiée en 1954.
Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)
The first edition of this guide was published in 1950.
Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018 (GORMP 58)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); et al. - WMO, 2018The Assessment documents the advances in scientific understanding of ozone depletion reflecting the thinking of the many international scientific experts who have contributed to its preparation and review. These advances add to the scientific basis for decisions made by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. It is based on longer observational records, new chemistry- climate model simulations, and new analyses.
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.14: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2017
The latest analysis of observations from the WMO GAW Programme shows that globally averaged surface mole fractions(1) calculated from this in situ network for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) reached new highs in 2017, with CO2 at 405.5 ± 0.1 ppm(2), CH4 at 1859 ± 2 ppb(3) and N2O at 329.9 ± 0.1 ppb. These values constitute, respectively, 146%, 257% and 122% of pre-industrial (before 1750) levels. The increase in CO2 from 2016 to 2017 was smaller than that observed from 2015 to 2016 and practically equal to the average growth rate over the last decade. The influence ...
基本文件, 2. 技术规则, 第二卷"#"国际空中航行气象服务
技术规则》的制定是为了：
(1) 促进世界气象组织各会员之间在气象学和水文学方面的合作；
(2) 最有效地满足国际气象应用和业务水文各领域内的特殊需要；
(3) 在实现上述(1)和(2)两项目标的过程中，确保他们所使用的规范和程序具有足够的一致性和标准化。
Сборник основных документов, 2. Технический регламент, Том II — Метеорологическое обслуживание международной аэронавигации
Регламент предназначен для того, чтобы:
a) облегчить сотрудничество в области метеорологии и гидрологии между странами-
членами;
b) наилучшим образом удовлетворить специфические потребности различных областей применения метеорологии и оперативной гидрологии в международном масштабе;
c) обеспечить отвечающие требованиям единообразие и стандартизацию практики и процедур, применяемых при достижении целей «a» и «b» выше.
Documents de base, 2. Règlement technique, Volume II – Assistance météorologique à la navigation aérienne internationale
Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) - OMM, 2018 (Edition 2018, mise à jour en 2021; OMM-No. 49)Les buts du présent règlement sont les suivants:
a) Faciliter la coopération en matière de météorologie et d’hydrologie entre les Membres;
b) Répondre le plus efficacement possible, sur le plan international, aux besoins spécifiques des
différents domaines d’application de la météorologie et de l’hydrologie opérationnelle; et
c) Assurer, d’une manière adéquate, l’uniformité et la normalisation des pratiques et procédures
employées pour atteindre les buts a) et b).
الوثائق الأساسية. المجلد الثاني - خدمات الأرصاد الجوية لأغراض الملاحة الجوية الدولية
المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد, 2018 (Edition 2018, updated in 2021; مجموعة مطبوعات المنظمة-No. 49)- الغرض من هذه اللائحة:
)أ( تيسير التعاون بين الأعضاء في مجالي الأرصاد الجوية والهيدرولوجيا؛
)ب ( القيام، بأكثر الطرق فاعلية، بتلبية الاحتياجات المحددة لمختلف مجالات تطبيق الأرصاد الجوية
والهيدرولوجيا في المجال الدولي؛
)ج ( ضمان التجانس والتوحيد القياسي بصورة كافية في الممارسات والإجراءات المستخدمة في تحقيق
WWRP, 2018-1. 세계 인공증우 활동에 대한 전문가 평가 보고서
KMA, 2018가장 유익한 정보만을 제공하기 위하여 인공증우의 과학적 근거에만 초점을 맞추기로 했기 때문에 지구공학에 관련된 주제뿐만 아니라 우박방지, 안개소산 또는 안개제거도 이번 평가의 범위에서 제외되었다. 또한 가장 유용한 정보를 제공하기 위해, 구름씨뿌리기의 가장 일반적인 대상이었던 겨울철 지형성구름계와 대류성 구름계에 초점을 맞추기로 하였다. 이 평가서는 다섯 가지 주제로 구성되어 있다 .
WWRP, 2018-1. Peer Review Report on Global Precipitation Enhancement Activities
WMO, 2018In order to be most beneficial, this review focuses exclusively on the scientific basis for precipitation enhancement. Hail suppression, fog dispersion or harvesting as well as subjects related to geoengineering were, thus, out of scope for this current assessment. In addition, to provide the most useful information, the report focuses on the two cloud types most seeded in the past: winter orographic cloud systems and convective cloud systems. The review is structured in five thematic chapters
GCOS, 218. 23rd Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-23)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2018
IOM Report, 128. Interlaboratory Comparison in the field of Temperature, Humidity and Pressure, in the WMO Regional Association VI (MM-ILC-2015-THP)
The subject of this report is evaluation of the interlaboratory comparison in the field of measurement of temperature, humidity and pressure. The interlaboratory comparison was held within the framework of the MeteoMet 2 project, in the scope of proficiency testing scheme organized by the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Metrology and Quality (UL-FE/LMK), except pressure part. All the analysis were done in accordance with accredited procedures.
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Humidity
This lesson provides an overview of the science and techniques related to measuring humidity, or the amount of water vapor, in Earth's atmosphere. After beginning with a review of the units used for humidity, the learner will examine the three main types of hygrometers (material, thermodynamic, and optical) and explore instruments within each of these categories. The lesson provides information about the advantages and limitations of various humidity instruments. The effects of siting, sheltering, and ventilation on humidity measurements are also addressed. The lesson is part of the Instrument ...
Interpreting and Communicating EPS Guidance: Iberian Heat Wave
This 45-minute lesson briefly introduces learners to the benefits of using probabilistic forecast information to assess the weather and communicate forecast uncertainties. Learners will explore a heat wave event in Spain and practice interpreting EPS forecast products effectively to determine various forecast parameters based on lead-time. Also, learners will decide how to best communicate the potential weather threats and impacts information to local end users.
What's New in the National Blend of Models version 3.1
Intended for U.S. National Weather Service forecasters, this short video describes changes to the NWS National Blend of Models when it was updated to v3.1. These changes include: More global, mesoscale, and ensemble components; Increased spatial resolution of some components; New and improved weather elements for aviation, QPF, winter, fire, and marine weather forecasting; Significant wave height for offshore waters and the Great Lakes; Improved bias correction; MOS-like text products; Shortened NBM forecast projections delivered at 19 UTC. For an illustrated transcript, see What’s New in NBM ...
Mesoscale Model Components of the National Blend of Models Version 3.0
The National Weather Service National Blend of Models (NBM) was updated to version 3.0 on 27 July 2017. Changes include: Eight new components for the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) and Alaska, including four deterministic models, two ensemble systems, and two post-processed statistical components Five new components for Hawaii and Puerto Rico Expanded forecast domains for the CONUS and Alaska A “Time of Day” (ToD), rather than NWP model, initial time concept Hourly NBM forecasts, with short, day 2-4, and extended forecasts Updated NBM guidance available 50-60 minutes after hourly run time New weather ...
Radio Wave Propagation
As a society we have become dependent on satellite communications, but satellites fail with alarming frequency. Before the advent of satellites, long distance communications were carried out with high frequency (HF) radio transmissions. This lesson examines the factors that control long-distance radio communications, with an emphasis on refraction in the ionosphere, frequency selection, and the effects of solar radiation.
GOES-R Series Multilingual Training Resources
This listing of multilingual training materials for the GOES-R series includes both foundational lessons and quick guides developed by various partners at the request of the U.S. National Weather Service and NESDIS. The selections included here represent materials translated to Spanish and Portuguese. Training contributors include COMET, RAMMB/CIRA, CIMSS, and SPoRT. Translation contributors/reviewers include the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) in Argentina and the University of São Paulo in Brazil.
Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
This lesson provides information about current science and technologies for measuring atmosphere pressure. The lesson begins by reviewing the key physical laws governing atmospheric pressure, including Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. Then, it explores typical requirements and uncertainty parameters related to atmospheric pressure sensors and provides details about the components of pressure sensors, including fluidic, mechanical, and electronic transducers. The lesson is part of the Instrumentation and Measurement of Atmospheric Parameters course series.
Rapid Scan Applications and Benefits
This lesson introduces the capabilities and benefits of rapid scan imaging from geostationary meteorological satellites with a special focus on the current Meteosat Second Generation satellites. The lesson begins with an overview of current rapid scan imaging strategies and the products made from those observations. It then addresses nowcasting applications that benefit from these products with a focus on convection and its evolution. Other application areas that benefit from rapid scan observation are mentioned including the monitoring of fog and low stratus, wildfires, tropical cyclones, and ...
SatFC-J: The VIIRS Day/Night Band
This lesson introduces the innovative Day/Night Band (DNB). Producing both daytime and nighttime visible images, the unique aspect of the DNB is its nocturnal low-light imaging capability. It views reflected moonlight from clouds and Earth's surface, surface light emissions from various natural sources (such as fires) and anthropogenic sources (such as city lights and gas flares), and even from certain atmospheric light emissions such as the aurora, airglow, and lightning flashes. The lesson describes the capabilities and benefits of the DNB, in particular using the Near-Constant Contrast (NCC ...
Física del caos en la predicción meteorológica
AEMET, 2018Over 100 experts in weather and climate modeling, numerical and operational forecasting, and related areas have come together to write this compendium of knowledge that addresses a diversity of maters such as history and foundations of meteorology, ensemble prediction systems, probabilistic forecasting and its applications, climatic change and social aspects, cases of study of special meteorological events, etc.
GAW Report, 243. Report of the Fifth Erythemal UV Radiometers Intercomparison
This report presents the background information, procedures and results of the intercomparison of erythemal UV sensors carried out at the Central Observatory of Buenos Aires (OCBA) in 2018 against reference radiometers calibrated at the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) in Davos during 2017. In this way, the data obtained at the measurement sites will be standardized and will be comparable locally and globally. Twenty sensors were calibrated, belonging to Argentine monitoring and research institutions. The associated relative uncertainty of each sensor was also estimated.
IOM Report, 131. WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) (2012 - 2015)
The Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) was conducted as an internationally coordinated project, initiated and guided by the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The SPICE field experiments took place between 2013 and 2015, with a preparatory stage during the winter of 2012/13.
SPICE was carried out as a major international effort, and has been remarkable for the diversity of organizations which hosted SPICE tests, contributed with instruments, and were engaged in the data analysis and the derivat ...
Бюллетень ВМО по Парниковым Газам - № 14: Содержание парниковых газов в атмосфере по данным глобальных наблюдений в 2017 г.
Последний анализ данных наблюдений, полученных в рамках Программы ГСА ВМО, показывает, что глобально усредненные приповерхностные молярные доли(1), рассчитанные на основании данных этой сети наблюдений in situ для двуокиси углерода (СO2), метана (СН4) и закиси азота (N2O), достигли в 2017 году новых максимумов, причем для CO2 он составил 405,5 ± 0,1 млн−1(2), для CH4 — 1859 ± 2 млрд−1(3), а для N2O — 329,9 ± 0,1 млрд−1. Эти значения составляют соответственно 146 %, 257 % и 122 % по отношению к доиндустриальным (до 1750 года) уровням. Увеличение содержания CO2 в атмосфере с 2016 по 2017 год был ...
Boletín sobre los gases de efecto invernadero - N°14: Estado de los gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera según las observaciones mundiales realizadas en 2017
El último análisis de las observaciones realizadas en el marco del Programa de la VAG de la OMM muestra que los promedios mundiales de las fracciones molares en superficie1) calculados a partir de esta red in situ para el dióxido de carbono (CO2), el metano (CH4) y el óxido nitroso (N2O), alcanzaron nuevos máximos en 2017 al registrar 405,5 ± 0,1 ppm2) para el CO2, 1859 ± 2 ppb3) para el CH4 y 329,9 ± 0,1 ppb para el N2O, lo que representa, respectivamente, el 146 %, el 257 % y el 122 % de los niveles preindustriales (antes de 1750). El aumento de CO2 de 2016 a 2017 fue inferior al observado d ...
Bulletin sur les gaz à effet de serre - N°14: Bilan des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l’atmosphère d’après les observations effectuées à l’échelle du globe en 2017
La toute derniere analyse des donnees d’observation recueillies par le reseau in situ du Programme de la VAG de l’OMM revele qu’a l’echelle du globe, les fractions molaires en surface1) du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), du methane (CH4) et du protoxyde d’azote (N2O) ont atteint de nouveaux pics en 2017, s’etablissant respectivement a 405,5}0,1 ppm2), 1 859}2 ppb3) et 329,9}0,1 ppb. Ces valeurs representent respectivement 146 %, 257 % et 122 % des niveaux preindustriels (avant 1750). Le taux d’accroissement du CO2 entre 2016 et 2017 etait moins eleve qu’entre 2015 et 2016 et pratiquement egal a l ...
GAW Report, 242. 19th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2017)
The meeting reviewed current WMO data quality objectives, reference scales and observation strategies, including calibration, quality control, data management and archiving. Target species were carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon in greenhouse gas measurements. The workshop discussed in detail the harmonization and quality control of isotope measurements, the extension of the measurement network towards more polluted and urban areas, the use of low-cost sensors, and the collaboration of the scientific greenhouse gas and carbon cycle community with the me ...
OPEN.ED @PSU Open Educational Resources
Launched in 2007, the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences' OER initiative enables departments and individual faculty to provide resources free-of-charge under a Creative Commons license. As long as they adhere to the license, teachers and learners around the world are free to download, remix, translate, localize, and make these materials their own.
Lesson and Group Exercise on Cloud Formation
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG) ; World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - WMO, 2018
Lesson and Group Exercise on Rain Formation
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG) - WMO, 2018
GESAMP - Reports and Studies, 97. The magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs to the ocean
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); et al. - WMO, 2018The present global modelling study of the Nr atmospheric cycle and Nr deposition to the ocean is the first that evaluates past, present and future Nr atmospheric deposition accounting for ON primary sources as well as for secondary ON chemical formation as a N-dependent process. While the total Nr deposition to the ocean is not expected to change significantly by 2050, the relative importance of oxidized and reduced N is expected to change, with an increasing proportion of ammonium compared to nitrate, resulting from more efficient controls on terrestrial emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) com ...
世界气象组织 温室气体公报 - 第14期: 基于2017年全球观测资料的大气温室气体状况
世界气象组织 (WMO) - 世界气象组织 (WMO), 2018对WMO GAW计划的观测资料进行的最新分析表明，利用该实地网络的资料计算出的二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的全球平均表面摩尔分数(1) 在2017年创下了新高，其中CO2为405.5 ± 0.1 ppm(2)、CH4为1859 ± 2 ppb(3)以及N2O为329.9 ± 0.1 ppb。这些数值分别是工业化前（1750年之前）水平的146%、257% 和122%。2016年至2017年的CO2增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。厄尔尼诺事件的影响在2015年和2016年达到峰值并推动了这一时期的增长率上升，但该事件在2017年的影响骤降。关于CH4，2016年至2017年的增幅小于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，但几乎等于过去十年的平均值。关于N2O，2016年至2017年的增幅高于2015年至2016年观测到的增幅，并几乎等于过去十年的平均增长率。NOAA年度温室气体指数（AGGI）[4]显示，从1990年至2017年，长寿命温室气体（LLGHG）辐射强迫增加了41%，其中CO2约占这一增幅的82%。
لمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية نشرة غازات الاحتباس الحراري: حالة غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي استناداً إلى الرصدات العالمیة المنفذة خلال عام 2017
یتبین من أحدث تحلیل للرصدات من برنامج المراقبة العالمیة للغلاف الجوي ( GAW ) أن المتوسط العالمي للكسور الجزیئیة( 1) المحسوب من ھذه الشبكة الموقعیة فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون ( CO2 ) والمیثان CH4) ) وأكسید النیتروز ( N2O ) قد بلغ مستویات مرتفعة جدیدة في عام 2017 ، بحیث بلغ المتوسط فیما یتعلق بثاني أكسید الكربون 405.5 ± 0.1 جزء في الملیون( 2)، وفیما یتعلق بالمیثان 1859 ± 2 جزء في البلیون( 3)، وفیما یتعلق بأكسید النیتروز 329.9 ± 0.1 جزء في البلیون. وتشكل ھذه القیَم، على التوالي، 146 في المائة و 257 في المائة و 122 في المائة من مستویات ما قبل العصر الصناعي (أي ما قبل عام 1750 ). وكانت الزیادة ...
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