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Big data for climate change and disaster resilience: realising the benefits for developing countries
This synthesis report explores the opportunities, challenges and required steps for leveraging the new ecosystem of Big Data to monitor and detect hazards, mitigate their effects, and assist in relief efforts. Ultimately the goal is to build resilience so that vulnerable communities and countries as complex human ecosystems not only ‘bounce back’ but also learn to adapt to maintain equilibrium in the face of natural hazards.
Assessing the impacts of temporal resolution of precipitation forcing data on the surface energy and water balance
In urban climate research, spatial and temporal variability of precipitation is always a critical element for numerical modelling. However, the effects of temporal resolution of precipitation forcing data has received little attention. Moreover, there has always been a difference practically and theoretically in the availability of precipitation data. This study was carried out to assess the impact of temporal resolution of precipitation forcing data on the modelled surface energy and water balance using available data from a site at the Strand campus of Kings College London. Analysis has been ...
Investigating apparent aerosol effects on precipitation in climate model simulations
Aerosols in the atmosphere serve as condensation nuclei for the cloud formation. This brings an important influence on the microphysical properties of cloud water that in turn affect the processes in the formation of precipitation. Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interaction which simultaneously change cloud albedo interest many studies to find out aerosol impact on precipitation formation. The studies were done by observation measurement and simulation. UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) is one model that includes aerosol direct and indirect effect in the NWP configuration which leads to study aero ...
Arctic drives new era in climate and weather services
The Arctic is changing. Melting sea ice, thawing perma¬frost and a greening tundra are some of the consequences of Arctic temperatures that have been higher in the past few decades than at any other time over the past 2000 years. Unanticipated alterations in weather patterns and ocean currents are driving changes both on land and in the oceans.
Satellites for Climate Services: case studies for establishing an architecture for climate monitoring from space
The report describes case studies that demonstrate the direct or indirect value of Earth observation satellites for climate services.
Metaguidelines for water and climate change: for practitioners in Asia and the Pacific
Asia-Pacific Water Forum (APWF) ; Asian Development Bank (ADB); Global Water Partnership (GWP) - 2015This document identifies five key principles and corresponding actions to address climate change impacts on water and land resources in the region, focusing on what to do and why it should be done. These are: Usable knowledge; No regret investment; Resilience; Mitigation and adaptation; Financing. It addresses how the recommended actions can be implemented, with a focus on practical solutions illustrated by case studies from Asia and the Pacific.
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High mountain adaptation partnership: lessons learned in Nepal and Peru
This report details the lessons learned during the implementation of the High Mountains Adaptation Partnership (HiMAP)(www.highmountains.org) project between March 2012 and June 2015. Located under the broader USAID Climate Change Resilient Development (CCRD) project, the goal of the HiMAP is to strengthen the climate change adaptation capacities of people who live in, or are dependent on, high mountain glacial watersheds and the ecosystem services which they provide. The document is intended to be a resource for USAID Missions, donors, practitioners, and NGOs interested in learning more about ...
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Climate resilient infrastructure services: lessons learned
The Climate Resilient Infrastructure Services (CRIS) program was an initiative of USAID’s Climate Change Resilient Development (CCRD) project. CRIS worked to improve the ability of cities in developing countries to provide reliable and sustainable infrastructure services that support smart and lasting development, even in a changing climate. For two-and-a-half years the CRIS program worked with cities to develop, test, and implement approaches to improve the climate resilience of infrastructure services. These services—which include transportation, water, sanitation and waste management, energ ...
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Assessing the evidence: Migration, environment and climate change in Papua New Guinea
This national assessment brings together existing evidence on the migration, environment and climate change nexus in Papua New Guinea (PNG).
The report provides a review of environmental migration materialised in local realities and compiles data from a wide variety of sources, including government policy documents, academic research, working papers and other publications and research carried out by national and international organizations, NGOs and research institutions.
An overview of PNG’s exposure to environmental and climatic changes is provided, as well as t ...
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How can climate change vulnerability assessments best impact policy and planning? Lessons from Indonesia
This research looks at climate change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) conducted in cities across Indonesia.
Two models are explored: one that was deployed in the cities of Semarang and Bandar Lampung through the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) programme, and another developed by UNDP and implemented by Yayasan Kota Kita in Manado and Makassar. They vary in duration, funding, emphasis on shared learning, stakeholder involvement, and external support; studying them helps indicate how different processes may have different impacts upon decision-making and ...
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Extreme weather and resilience of the global food system
This report examines the resilience of the global food system to extreme weather.
This summary is built on three detailed reports and presents evidence that the global food system is vulnerable to production shocks caused by extreme weather, and that this risk is growing. It highlights evidence that our reliance on increasing volumes of global trade, whilst having many benefits, also creates structural vulnerability via a liability to amplify production shocks in some circumstances. It argues that action is needed to improve the resilience of the global food system to weather-re ...
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School of Economics and Finance Working paper, 08/2015. Natural disasters and climate change in the Pacific island countries : new non-monetary measurements of impacts
In this article, the author tabulates and measures the burden of disasters on the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) by aggregating and comparing the data found in the two global datasets on disaster impacts.
The paper shows that the most commonly used dataset greatly underestimates the burden of disasters for the Pacific islands. Next, it describes a new index that aggregates disaster impacts, calculates this index for the PICs, and then compares the burden of disasters for the island countries of the Pacific with the island countries of the Caribbean. This comparison demonstrates ...
Human rights, climate change and cross-border displacement : the role of the international human rights community in contributing to effective and just solutions
The Policy Brief is primarily aimed at a human rights audience, and intends to both inform human rights policymakers and provide guidance on how international human rights law, institutions and mechanisms might contribute to more effective, just and sustainable policy responses (at the international and national levels) to climate change and crossborder displacement.
It reflects primary and secondary research; the outcome of a meeting during the 25th session of the Human Rights Council (the Council) on the ‘human rights implications of displacement in the context of disasters’ o ...
Monitoring and evaluating climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Uganda
This scoping study report is an analysis of the monitoring and evaluation frameworks and tools in Uganda with focus on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. It provides an overview of Uganda’s climate change and other related policy context and their provisions for monitoring and evaluation frameworks. The report also highlights the current reporting systems and the mandates of different institutions for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. The tools and systems used for data and information collection, processing, reporting, storage and dissemination are hig ...
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Does adaptation finance invest in disaster risk reduction?
This report argues that there is a gap for disaster risk reduction (DRR) financing, which could be filled by adaptation funds that have the capacity to invest directly in DRR activities and to integrate DRR into their other activities.
It suggests that water and coastal protection are the sectors where DRR is most integrated. DRR investments through adaptation funds appear to be more focused on the poorest countries in comparison to DRR finance from international aid.
This was particularly the case for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). DRR channelled through ...
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The (mis) allocation of public spending in a low income country : Evidence from disaster risk reduction spending in Bangladesh
This paper focuses on the regional allocation of public spending for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Bangladesh.
The objective is to identify all of the directly observable determinants’ of publicly allocated and realized spending at the local government (sub-district) level. The Heckman two stage selection model is used with detailed public finance and other data from 483 sub-districts (upazilas) across the country. It is found that government does not respond to the sub-district’s risk exposure as a factor affecting the DRR financing mechanism. The DRR regional allocations do ...
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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction : success or warning sign for Paris?
This report reviews and discusses the agreed commitments and targets, as well as the negotiation leading to the Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR).
It discusses briefly its implication for the later UN-led negotiations on sustainable development goals and climate change, including the Conference of Parties taking place in Paris, France at the end of 2015.
SFDRR was adopted by UN Member States in March 2015 and was the first major agreement of the post-2015 development agenda, with seven targets and four priorities for action: 1) Understanding disaste ...
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Migration and natural resource scarcity within the context of climate variability in West Africa
Drawing from research in rural north-western Benin, this policy brief looks at the effect of migration on the in-land fisheries subsector.
It emphasizes the need for effective participation of all stakeholders in the management of natural resources to improve livelihoods in the region facing population growth and climate variability.
The brief highlights that migration – internal and international – is an important feature of the social lives of people across West Africa. While movements within the subregion are generally due to complex and multi-causal factors, n ...
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Agricultural vulnerability to climate change in Sokoto State, Nigeria: In African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development
Atedhor G.O. - Oxford Policy Management, 2015This paper examines agricultural vulnerability to climate change in eight selected rural settlements in Sokoto State, Nigeria.
An integrated approach is used which combines environmental and socio-economic determinants. Results show that while there were downward trends of annual rainfall and raindays in Sokoto, annual mean temperatures show upward trend. Annual droughts were of slight and moderate intensities during the period under review. The results also revealed that unreliable rainfall, desertification, increasing temperatures, scarcity of pastures and inaccessibility to c ...
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Climate finance and water security: Synthesis report
This synthesis report summarises research on how climate finance has been spent so far, and whether or not it has been spent on improving people’s water security.
The report highlights that the global community has committed to mobilise US $100 billion every year, from 2020 onwards. The study aims to identify the type and scale of national and subnational programmes and projects that have been funded by climate finance and how they relate to local water security. Findings are summarised from three case studies in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Zambia.
There is a brief d ...
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Can green growth really work and what are the true (socio-) economics of climate change?
Hoffmann Ulrich - United Nations, 2015This paper argues that growth, technological, population-expansion and governance constraints as well as some key systemic issues cast doubt ‘green growth’ hopes.
It argues that such an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach may well not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of climate change. It may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that should bring about a turn around on global GHG emissions.
The paper argues that climate change calls into question the global equality of opportunity for prosperity and is thus ...
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Case study: Nepal’s agriculture, climate change and food security
Grist N. - Evidence on Demand, 2015This brief is a country case study of Nepal produced alongside the DFID Topic Guide on Climate Change, Food Security and Agriculture. It highlights how climate change affects the situation of food security and agriculture in Nepal. The aim is to provide country offices with specific guidance on activities, barriers and opportunities for integrating climate change and Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) approaches within the national context.
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Selection of climate policies under the uncertainties in the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC: In Nature Climate Change, Letters
This paper is based on the premise that strategies for dealing with climate change must incorporate and quantify all the relevant uncertainties, and be designed to manage the resulting risks.
It attempts to quantify the uncertainty of mitigation costs, climate change dynamics, and economic damage for alternative carbon budgets. The paper ranks climate policies according to different decision-making criteria concerning uncertainty, risk aversion and intertemporal preferences. The findings are taken to show that preferences over uncertainties are as important as the choice of the ...
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Potential impact of climate and socioeconomic changes on future agricultural land use in West Africa: In Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., 6
Copernicus Publications, 2015This study compares the contributions of climate change and socioeconomic development to potential future changes of agricultural land use in West Africa.
It uses a prototype land use projection (LandPro) algorithm which is based on a balance between food supply and demand, and accounts for the impact of socioeconomic drivers on the demand side and the impact of climate-induced crop yield changes on the supply side. It considers the impact of human decision-making on land use.
The paper argues that without agricultural intensification, the climate-induced decrease ...
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A guide to measuring urban risk resilience : Principles, tools and practice of urban indicators
This guidebook describes the principles, tools and practice of developing and implementing urban disaster risk and resilience indicators.
It focuses on the application of three indicator systems of urban risk and resilience which have been developed as complementary tools to communicate risk and promote discussion around appropriate local level risk and resilience strategies at city level: the Urban Disaster Risk Index (UDRi), the Risk Management Index (RMI) and the Disaster Resilience Index (DRI).
The authors present their collective experience and findings in th ...
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Local level planning to cope with heat waves in India: In Southasiadisasters.net, issue no. 132, June 2015
This issue of Southasiadisasters.net focuses on the theme of the 'Risk of Heat Waves and Climate Change in India'. It tries to highlight the phenomena of heat waves from the perspectives of various stakeholders ranging from the local authorities to the vulnerable communities such as street vendors, construction workers, children and the elderly. The Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan has been highlighted as a policy level intervention worth emulating in other Indian cities. Similarly, an anthropological perspective to heat wave planning is also posited.
This issue's contents includes: ( ...
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The Disaster-Knowledge Matrix – Reframing and evaluating the knowledge challenges in disaster risk reduction: In International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume 13, September 2015
Elsevier, 2015This study identifies and addresses key challenges concerning monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for climate change adaptation (CCA).
It documents good practices and good practice principles on the development, selection, and use of indicators used in the M&E of adaptation interventions. The study also looks at the steps and contexts M&E personnel should consider when formulating, selecting, adjusting, and/or using indicators. The study also identifies common themes in the literature and gaps in data – including the role of learning in an adaptation M&E system and the identificatio ...
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National climate change adaptation: emerging practices in monitoring and evaluation
Unblocking the climate finance negotiations will unlock a new global agreement on climate change in Paris later this year. Developing countries need to see tangible commitment to providing the finance needed to combat the negative effects of climate change.
As global emissions continue to increase, so does the cost of managing the impact. Africa’s Group of Negotiators (AGN) is positioned to take the lead, consistently presenting common positions for 54 countries. A breakthrough necessitates focus on a key issue that will yield win–win outcomes. The global climate finance architecture, w ...
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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks: (i) Understanding disaster risk; (ii) Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk; (iii) Investing in disaster reduction for resilience and; (iv) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Build Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physica ...
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Analyzing the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction : International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, June 2015, Volume 6, Issue 2, Special
Springer, 2015These articles represent a first attempt to develop a baseline for understanding, analyzing, praising, and critiquing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and its progress in implementation.
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Promoting ecosystems for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation : Opportunities for Integration
This discussion paper examines differences and similarities between ecosystem-based approaches to disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) and ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation (EBA).
It suggests key integration points at the project level through examining a number of Eco-DRR, EBA and hybrid (Eco-DRR/CCA) projects. A total of 38 (Eco-DRR, EBA and hybrid Eco-DRR/CCA) projects are examined in terms of their aims, assessments, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and policy and institutional contexts to understand how in practice these approaches differ and overlap and ...
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The Antalya report : Disaster risk reduction in a changing climate - lessons learned about lessons learned
The report documents the Disaster Risk Reduction Expert Forum 2015: which took place in February 2015 in Antalya, Turkey. The Forum was convened to discuss and share lessons learned about lessons learned about hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.
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Minimum standards for local climate-smart disaster risk reduction : informing the development of the post-2015 HFA
Red Cross, 2015This paper presents the Minimum Standards for local climate-smart disaster risk reduction and details how they can help trigger action on climate change under the post-2015 HFA framework.
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Planned relocations in the context of natural disasters and climate change : a review of the literature
This paper provides an overview of the literature on case studies on planned relocations. For that purpose, it reviews 38 documents, which present case studies on planned relocations.
The main focus of the study lies on case studies focusing on the first and second category of relocations (1. in anticipation of disasters, environmental change, and/or the effects of climate change, and 2. as a response to disasters, environmental change, and/or the effects of climate change), which this paper will call anticipatory and reactive relocations.
The paper provides an ov ...
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Impact of climate change on food production: options for importing countries
This policy brief identifies possible implications of climate change disturbances on crops and livestock in world production centers by 2030, 2050 and 2080. Most of the studies on food systems under climate change are producer-centric, while this brief looks at options for importing countries, and discusses some recommendations.
The imperative of climate change adaptation for a resilient food system requires institutional, technological and economic transformation not only in food exporting but also food importing countries. Furthermore, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in ...
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Climate finance for cities: how can international climate funds best support low-carbon and climate resilient urban development?
This paper reviews the approaches taken by multilateral climate funds in the period 2010-2014 to support low-emission and climate-resilient development in developing country cities. It identifies US$842 million in approved climate finance for explicitly urban projects, which equates to just over one in every ten dollars spent on climate finance over these five years. The majority of this finance has supported low-carbon urban transport systems in fast-growing middle-income countries. Adaptation funds financed only a handful of explicitly urban projects in the review period.
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The institutionalisation of climate policy in India: designing a development-focused, co-benefits based approach
This paper examines climate policy in India, its coordination, design and implementation.
It looks at three periods: pre-2007; 2007–2009 and 2010-mid-2014 and several key themes are identified: First, the formation of climate institutions have frequently been driven by international negotiations, even while filtered through domestic context. Second, once established, institutions tend not to be stable or long-lasting. Third, while various efforts at knowledge generation have been attempted, they do not add up to a mechanism for sustained and consistent strategic thinking on clim ...
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The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study: A review of climate change legislation in 99 Countries – Summary for policy-makers
This study covers national laws and policies directly related to climate change mitigation and adaptation, across 99 countries.
It looks at those passed before 1 January 2015 and covers 33 developed and 66 developing countries; 32 Annex-I and 67 non-Annex-I countries. Taken together, the study countries produce 93 per cent of world emissions, including 46 of the world’s top 50 emitters. They are home to 90 per cent of the world’s forests.
The definition of climate and climate-related laws used in the study reflects the relevance of climate policy f ...
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Climate change-related disasters and human displacement : towards an effective management system
Sciaccaluga Giovanni; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) - IFRC, 2015The book offers a critique of the dominant trends in thinking about adaptation and climate change, particularly social dimensions.
It presents a framework for making sense of choices around resilience (stability), transition (incremental social change and the exercising of existing rights) and transformation (new rights claims and changes in political regimes).
The resilience– transition–transformation framework is supported by three detailed case study chapters. These also illustrate the diversity of contexts in which adaption is unfolding, from organisations to ...
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Adaptation to climate change: From resilience to transformation
Pelling Mark - Routledge, 2015The book offers a critique of the dominant trends in thinking about adaptation and climate change, particularly social dimensions.
It presents a framework for making sense of choices around resilience (stability), transition (incremental social change and the exercising of existing rights) and transformation (new rights claims and changes in political regimes).
The resilience– transition–transformation framework is supported by three detailed case study chapters. These also illustrate the diversity of contexts in which adaption is unfolding, from organisations to ...
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Transparency and the Paris Agreement : driving ambitious action in the new climate regime
This working paper aims to stimulate the debate around the transparency system in the new climate regime.
It proposes the roles and objectives which the authors see for the transparency system under the new agreement and provides an overview of the current transparency system under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), identifying weaknesses and strengths based on the output generated so far. The paper goes on to develop the main principles of the new transparency system and provides concrete proposals for how to ensure its effective ...
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Building toward breakthrough : Energizing the Paris 2015 climate negotiations and Post-Paris Action Agenda through broader engagement
This working paper argues that raising the trajectory of the 2015 Climate Change Agreement to be concluded in December in Paris demands fresh thinking and an action agenda that goes beyond previous efforts.
It highlights that a truly robust and ambitious Paris outcome must launch a new framework for the global response to climate change that emphasizes broader engagement and celebrates the real progress that mayors, governors, CEOs, and other civil society leaders are already achieving.
The paper presents a model made up of three core components which aims ...
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Overview of climate change adaptation platforms in Europe
European Environment Agency (EEA) - EEA, 2015As adaptation policy progresses in Europe, it is increasingly important, that people have access to relevant and high quality information. A broad range of users consider web-based adaptation platforms an effective means of collecting and sharing experiences and knowledge to interested stakeholders including policymakers, practioners and the general public. The report provides an overview on the state of play of most adaptation platform in Europe including 14 national adaptation platforms. It offers information on the scope, history, targeted users, the selection and presentation of knowledge ...
Intergovernmental Board on Climate Services, Second session : Abridged final report with resolutions
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Community resilience framework : lessons from the field
Swiss NGO DRR Platform, 2015The report presents the main findings from case studies about resilience assessments that were carried out in five countries through workshops: El Salvador, Bolivia, Haiti, Palestine, and Cambodia. It capitalizes on local knowledge and experience and provides important insights not only on how those most at risk build resilience, but also on how they struggle to overcome the barriers that are imposed on them by their natural, socio-political and economic environments. It highlights the range of expertise and commitment for promoting resilience through disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate ...
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Africa's adaptation gap 2 : technical report
While the first Africa Adaptation Gap Report demonstrated how delaying action would result in exponentially rising costs down the road, this second report now turns to possible solutions to respond to this urgency. Based on the analyses contained in this report, policy makers can consider how all options at international, regional and national levels can complement each other.
The report builds on the UNEP 2014 emissions gap report that asserts that by 2050, Africa’s adaptation costs could rise to USD 50 billion per year for a scenario holding global warming below 2°C, and up to ...
Implementing the European Regional Framework for Action to protect health from climate change : a status report
This report provides a snapshot of the implementation status of measures to protect health from climate change in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region by the end of 2012. It describes and summarizes the answers to a survey across the countries.
Water and Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins : Lessons Learned Lessons Learned and Good Practices and Good Practices
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE); International Network of Basin Organizations - United Nations, 2015The APFM has given its contribution to the new publication by UNECE on “Water and Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins: Lessons Learned and Good Practices”. Launched at the 7th World Water Forum 2015 in Daegu & Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, it follows-up and complements the Guidance on Water and Adaptation to Climate Change.
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Understanding drought in India: Southasiadisasters.net issue no. 127, March 2015
This report emphasizes that governments at all levels must provide their agencies with the authority and resources required to fulfill their disaster preparedness responsibilities and provincial and federal governments must provide further funding assistance to help empower local authorities. It explains that organizations outside of government as well as the public have preparedness responsibilities which they must come to understand, accept and fulfil. In addition, the report touches upon several recommendations which can be used by governments to successfully work towards better preparednes ...
Climate Change 2014: Synthesis report
The Synthesis Report distils and integrates the findings of the three working group contributions to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report -- the most comprehensive assessment of climate change yet undertaken, produced by hundreds of scientists -- as well as the two Special Reports produced during this cycle.
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CliC Annual Report
CliC is pleased to release its 2014 Annual Report which summarizers the amazing number of activities that we sponsored, supported, and in many cases, initiated over the past few years. We hope you will take the time to read the achievements, as well as our plans for the coming year(s).
Conference report - Conference on the Gender Dimensions of Weather and Climate Services
The Conference on the Gender Dimensions of Weather and Climate Services was a landmark international forum addressing how to equally empower women and men to build safer, stronger and more resilient societies through the provision and use of gender-sensitive weather and climate services. The Conference represented the contribution of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and its partners to the review of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 20 years after its adoption. It also provided recommendations to enrich the development of the post-2015 disaster risk r ...
WMO Statement on the status of the global climate in 2014
The warming trend observed over the past few decades continued in 2014, which WMO has ranked as nominally the warmest year since modern instrumental measurements began in the mid-1800s. Although 2014 broke the record by only a few hundredths of a degree – less than the margin of uncertainty – this result means that 14 of the 15 hottest years on record occurred during the twenty-first century. The evidence for human-induced global warming is therefore increasingly robust.
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Urban climate change resilience in action: lesson from projects in 10 ACCCRN cities
This portfolio of projects provides a ‘first generation’ view of how a set of cities have interpreted building urban climate change resilience (UCCR) challenges and translated their understanding into targeted priorities and actions, as a pioneering effort to advance on-the-ground actions. These projects seek to strengthen the capabilities of cities to plan, finance and implement UCCR strategies for coping with the inevitable impacts of climate change taking place now, and in the decades to come.
The document describes the projects capturing details from the various experiences ...
The Climate in Africa: 2013
In Africa in 2013, the critical weather and climate trends of the last decades continued: it was one of the warmest years on the continent since at least 1950, with temperatures above average in most regions. Precipitation at the continental scale was near average. But several extreme events hit the region. The floods that hit Mozambique in January were among the 10 most severe in the world that year, based on the number of deaths. In contrast, the rains in Namibia and neighboring countries fell well below normal, leading to a severe drought.
Rapport de la conférence - Conférence sur l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes dans le contexte des services météorologiques et climatologiques
La Conférence sur l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes dans le contexte des services météorologiques et climatologiques portait sur les moyens d’assurer la participation de tous – hommes et femmes – à l’instauration d’un monde plus sûr et plus résilient, grâce à des services météorologiques et climatologiques qui tiennent compte de la situation spécifique des femmes. Appelée à faire date, cette conférence représentait la contribution de l’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) et de ses partenaires à l’examen de la mise en oeuvre de la Déclaration et du Programme d’action de Beijing, v ...
Отчет конференции - Конференция по гендерным аспектам метеорологического и климатического обслуживания
Конференция по гендерным аспектам метеорологического и климатического обслуживания стала знаковым международным форумом, посвященным вопросам предоставления женщи- нам и мужчинам равных прав и возможностей для построения более безопасного, крепкого и устойчивого к внешним воздействиям общества путем предоставления и использования метеорологического и климатического обслуживания с учетом гендерных факторов. Конфе- ренция осветила вклад Всемирной Метеорологической Организации (ВМО) и ее партнеров в обзор осуществления Пекинской декларации и Платформы действий спустя 20 лет после их принятия. Кро ...
大会报告 - 天气和气候服务性别维度大会
天气和气候服务性别维度大会是具重大意义的国际论坛，旨在讨论如何平等地赋权女性 和男性，从而通过提供和使用性别敏感型天气和气候服务，建立起更安全、更强大和更具抗 御能力的社会。此次大会阐述了世界气象组织(WMO)及其伙伴对《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》 通过后二十年来的落实情况进行审议所做出的贡献。此次大会还提出了若干建议，以便充实 材料，用于制定2015年后减轻灾害风险框架和2015年后可持续发展议程以及全球气候服务 框架(GFCS)。
Informe de la conferencia - Conferencia sobre la dimensión de género de los servicios meteorológicos y climáticos
La Conferencia sobre la dimensión de género de los servicios meteorológicos y climáticos fue un foro internacional histórico en que se abordó el modo de empoderar equitativamente a mujeres y hombres para crear sociedades más seguras, fuertes y resilientes mediante la prestación y el uso de servicios meteorológicos y climáticos que tuviesen en cuenta las cuestiones de género. La Conferencia representó la contribución de la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) y sus asociados al examen de la puesta en práctica de la Declaración y Plataforma de Acción de Beijing 20 años después de su adopción ...
تقرير المؤتمر - مؤتمر الأبعاد الجنسانية لخدمات الطقس والمناخ
شكّل مؤتمر الأبعاد الجنسانية لخدمات الطقس والمناخ منتدىً دولياً بارزاً تناول كيفية تمكين المرأة والرجل من بناء مجتمعات أكثر أمناً وقوة وأكثر قدرة على المواجهة عبر تقديم خدمات للطقس والمناخ تراعي البُعد الجنساني. وجاء المؤتمر كمساهمة من قبل المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية ) WMO ( وشركائها في استعراض تنفيذ إعلان ومنهاج عمل بيجين، بعد مرور عشرين عاماً على اعتماده. وقدّم المؤتمر أيضاً توصيات جاءت لتُثري عملية إعداد إطار الحد من مخاطر الكوارث لما بعد عام 015 2 وجدول أعمال التنمية المستدامة لما بعد عام 2015 ، إضافة إلى الإطار العالمي للخدمات المناخية ) .)GFCS
بيان المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية عن حالة ا لمناخ العالمي في 2014
استمر في عام 2014 الاتجاه الاحتراري المرصود طوال العقود القليلة الماضية، وصنفت المنظمة ) WMO ( عام 2014 باعتباره أحر عام مشهود منذ استخدام أدوات القياس الحديثة في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر. ولئن كان عام 2014 قد حطم الرقم القياسي المسجل بمجرد بضعة أجزاء من المائة من الدرجة – وهو ما يقل عن هامش عدم اليقين فإن هذه النتيجة تعني أن 14 عاما من الأعوام الأشد حرارة المسجلة البالغ عددها 15 قد جاءت خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين، وهو ما يؤيد بقوة الأدلة على الاحترار العالمي الناجم عن الأنشطة البشرية.
WMO 2014年 全球气候状况声明
2014年延续了已观测到的过去几十年 一直持续的升温趋势，而WMO已在名义上 将2014年列为19世纪中叶开始现代仪器测 量以来最热的年份。虽然2014年仅超过记 录几百分之一度 – 低于不确定性的边际 – 但 这一结果意味着有记录以来15个最热年份中 有14个都出现在21世纪。因此，越来越有 力的证据表明是人类活动引起了全球变暖。
Заявление ВМО о состоянии глобального климата в 2014 году
Тренд потепления, наблюдаемый в течение последних нескольких десятилетий, сохра- нился также в 2014 году, который по рейтингу ВМО стал номинально самым теплым годом с начала проведения современных инструмен- тальных измерений в середине 1800-х годов. Хотя 2014 год побил рекорд лишь на несколько сотых градуса, что не превышает значения допустимой неопределенности, этот результат означает, что 14 из 15 самых жарких лет за историю наблюдений приходятся на XXI век. Подтверждение глобального потепления под воздействием антропогенных факторов, таким образом, становится все более обоснованным.
Declaración de la OMM sobre el estado del clima mundial en 2014
La tendencia al calentamiento observada a lo largo de los últimos decenios prosiguió en 2014, año que la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) ha clasificado, por sus valores nominales, como el más cálido desde que empezaran las mediciones con instrumentos modernos a mediados del siglo XIX. Aunque 2014 rompió el récord por tan solo unas centésimas de grado, o sea, menos que el margen de incertidumbre, eso significa que 14 de los 15 años más cálidos desde que se mantienen registros se han dado durante el siglo XXI. Así pues, cada vez resulta más contundente que el calentamiento de la Tierra ...
Déclaration de l’OMM sur l’état du climat mondial en 2014
La tendance au réchauffement constatée ces dernières décennies s’est poursuivie en 2014, année classée par l’OMM, en regard des valeurs nominales, comme étant la plus chaude jamais observée depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, lorsque les mesures ont commencé à être effectuées par des instruments modernes. Même si le record précédent n’est battu que de quelques centièmes de degré, ce qui est moins que la marge d’incertitude, cela signifie que 14 des 15 années les plus chaudes ont toutes été enregistrées au XXIe siècle. L’origine anthropique du réchauffement planétaire est par conséquent de plus en ...
Le climat en Afrique en 2013
Les grandes tendances météorologiques et climatiques observées ces dernières décennies en Afrique se sont maintenues: 2013 a été l’une des années les plus chaudes depuis 1950 au moins, les températures s’établissant au-dessus de la moyenne dans la plupart des sous-régions. Les précipitations ont été proches des normales à l’échelle du continent, malgré plusieurs phénomènes extrêmes. Le Mozambique a subi en janvier l’une des dix inondations les plus meurtrières survenues dans le monde cette année-là. À l’inverse, la Namibie et les pays voisins ont souffert d’une grave sécheresse due à un net dé ...
气候变化 2014 - 综合报告
IPCC, 2015《综合报告》（SYR）提炼并综合了政府间气候变化专 门委员会（IPCC）第五次评估报告（AR5）三个工作组报告 的成果，这是迄今IPCC完成的最全面的一份气候变化评估 报告。三个工作组的报告分别为：气候变化2013：自然科学基 础；气候变化2014：影响、适应和脆弱性；气候变化2014：减 缓气候变化。SYR还整合了两份特别报告中的成果，即：《可 再生能源与减缓气候变化特别报告》（2011年）和《管理极端 事件和灾害风险推进气候变化适应特别报告》（2011年）。
تغير المناخ 2014 - التقرير التجميعي
IPCC, 2015ويُدمج استنتاجات مساهمات الأفرقة العاملة )SYR( يلخص التقرير التجميعي للهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ )AR الثلاثة في تقرير التقييم الخامس ) 5 حتى الآن: تغير IPCC وهو أشمل تقييم لتغير المناخ اضطلعت به الهيئة ،)IPCC( المناخ 2013 : الأساس العلمي الفيزيائي؛ تغير المناخ 2014 : الآثار والتكيف وهشاشة الأوضاع، وتغير المناخ 2014 : التخفيف من تغير المناخ. ويضم التقرير التجميعي أيضا استنتاجات تقريرين خاصين عن مصادر الطاقة المتجددة والتخفيف من تغير المناخ ) 2011 ( وعن إدارة مخاطر ظواهر الطقس المتطرفة والكوارث لتعزيز التكيف ).
El clima en África: 2013
En África, las críticas tendencias meteorológicas y climatológicas imperantes durante los últimos decenios continuaron en 2013, que fue uno de los años más cálidos en el continente desde al menos 1950 y en el que se registraron temperaturas superiores a la media en la mayoría de las regiones. A escala continental, se registraron precipitaciones cercanas a la media. No obstante, varios fenómenos extremos afectaron a la región. Las crecidas que asolaron Mozambique en enero estuvieron entre las 10 más graves del año en el mundo por el número de muertes, mientras que en Namibia y los países vecino ...
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Stratégie pour une architecture de surveillance du climat à partir de l’espace
La demande de services climatologiques a énormément augmenté ces dernières décennies. D’importantes sphères d’activité du secteur public et privé, par exemple les assurances, l’agriculture, la santé, l’énergie et les transports, doivent pouvoir compter sur des informations et services climatologiques fiables pour établir leurs plans stratégiques, orienter leurs investissements et prendre des décisions quotidiennes. Le Cadre mondial pour les services climatologiques (CMSC) offre une structure pour élaborer de tels services.
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Потенциальное влияние на климат Китайского проекта по регулированию расхода воды на плотине «Три ущелья»
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014Китайский проект «Три ущелья» (далее – Проект) вызы- вает высокую озабоченность как в Китае, так и за рубе- жом. Люди обсуждают аргументы за и против строи- тельства такой крупномасштабной плотины и спорят относительно ее возможного влияния на местную окружающую среду. С того момента, когда плотина «Три ущелья» начала поднимать уровень воды, стали часто появляться сообщения об экстремальных явле- ниях в этом районе, включая засухи и паводки.
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Примирение постпозитивистского и постмодернистского мировоззрений в области климатических исследований и обслуживания
Изменение климата постепенно превратилось во всеобъ- емлющую проблему нынешнего поколения. То, что вначале рассматривалось как явление в области физиче- ских наук, как теперь оказалось, имеет более комплекс- ный характер и неразрывно связано с укладом жизни людей и принятием решением. Таким образом, целост- ный подход к науке о климате требует тщательных междисциплинарных и трансдисциплинарных исследо- ваний и практической работы в направлении осущест- вления действий по реагированию на местах.
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Организация оперативного климатического обслуживания на глобальном, региональном и национальном уровнях
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014Глобальной рамочной основе для климатического обслуживания (ГРОКО) удалось наладить эффектив- ные партнерские отношения на глобальном уровне. Правительства при поддержке ООН и других между- народных организаций сотрудничают для продви- жения концепции климатического обслуживания, привлечения финансирования и развертывания проек- тов. Следующий шаг состоит в реализации ГРОКО на национальном и локальном уровнях для того, чтобы приблизить ее к конечным пользователям климати- ческих прогнозов, информации и рекомендаций. Это наилучшим образом может быть достигнуто посред- ством диалогов и рамочных ...
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Консорциум по проблемам климата и здоровья в Африке
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014В настоящее время глобальное изменение климата – это реальность. Температура на поверхности Земли повы- силась более чем на 0,8 °С за последнее столетие и примерно на 0,6 °С за последние 30 лет. Это глобаль- ное изменение привело к экстремальным метеорологи- ческим явлениям, таким как наводнения, засухи и более мощные и частые штормы, которые оказывают негатив- ное влияние на здоровье уязвимых групп населения. В Африке влияние глобального потепления на здоровье человека проявляется в более высокой степени уязви- мости к болезням, переносимым через возбудителей инфекции, воздух и воду, а также ...
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Применение науки о климате на благо общества
Про г ра м м а «К л и м атич е с кое о бс лу ж и в а н ие в Соединенном Королевстве» поможет лицам, принима- ющим решения, управлять возможностями и рисками, связанными с изменчивостью и изменением климата как в самой Великобритании, так и за рубежом.
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тень ВМО 62, Специальный выпуск - 2013 г. | 23 Уменьшение опасности бедствий и управление связанными с бедствиями рисками в условиях изменения климата
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014Уменьшение опасности бедствий (УОБ) является одним из основных направлений деятельности ВМО и одной из четырех приоритетных областей в рамках Глобальной рамочной основы для климатического обслуживания. Согласно анализу данных EM-DAT1 за 1970–2009 гг., в этот период зарегистрировано 7 870 стихийных бедствий, вызванных климатическими, гидрологическими и мете- орологическими опасными явлениями, в результате которых погибло 1 860 000 человек и причинен эконо- мический ущерб на сумму 1,954 триллиона долларов США (в ценах 2011 г.). Стихийные бедствия задержи- вают социально-экономическое развитие на ...
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Устойчивость к воздействию погоды и климата: Обеспечение эффективной готовности с помощью национальных метеорологических и гидрологических служб1
Столкнувшись с растущей опасностью связанных с пого- дой и климатом стихийных бедствий, которые могут отбросить экономическое и социальное развитие назад на многие годы, мировое сообщество должно принять незамедлительные меры по укреплению национальных метеорологических и гидрологических служб (НМГС). Укрепление необходимо осуществить таким образом, чтобы эти малоэффективные службы, особенно в странах развивающегося мира, трансформировались в полноцен- ные профессиональные учреждения, способные предо- ставить нужную информацию нужным людям в нужное время. Несмотря на то, что цена, которую прид ...
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Локализация климатического информационного обслуживания для нужд сельского хозяйства
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014Локализация климатической информационной продукции и обслуживания в сельском хозяйстве направлена на оказа- ние полного спектра консультационных услуг, касающихся климата, его воздействия на зерновые культуры, поголо- вье скота, рыболовство, и практики управления, которой нужно следовать, чтобы предотвратить, уменьшить и/или управлять рисками. Специально подготовленная инфор- мация помогает фермерам в принятии управленческих решений, чтобы уменьшить риски и получить пользу от возможностей, которые предоставляет имеющий тенден- цию к изменчивости и изменению климат. Таким образом, она должна вк ...
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Что мы имеем в виду под климатическим обслуживанием?
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014Климатическое обслуживание имеет весьма важное значе- ние для адаптации к изменению и изменчивости климата. Доказательством этого является тот факт, что в 2009 г. на Третьей Всемирной климатической конференции 155 стран одобрили учреждение Глобальной рамочной основы для климатического обслуживания (ГРОКО), цель кото- рой заключается в «улучшении производства, доступно- сти, предоставления и применения климатических прогно- зов и обслуживания, основанных на достижениях науки». Глобальная рамочная основа направлена на то, чтобы сокра- тить разрыв между климатической информацией, кото- рую предла ...
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Вклад Норвегии в осуществление Глобальной рамочной основы для климатического обслуживания
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014Министерство иностранных дел Норвегии в течение многих лет поддерживает международную программу в области развития. Фактически она начала действо- вать после 1945 года, когда после Второй миро- вой войны создавалась система ООН. К концу 40-х годов прошлого столетия Норвегия начала оказывать поддержку этой программе через систему ООН, и начало двусторонним отношениям было положено в 1952 году. Международное сотрудничество в области развития является неотъемлемой частью социального развития Норвегии, истории развития ее культуры и внешней политики. В 2012 г. бюджет Норвегии для оказания внешней ...
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Финансирование Глобальной Рамочной Основы Для Климатического Обслуживания: Проблемы И Возможности
Бюллетень, Том 62. BMO, 2014Осуществление Глобальной рамочной основы для климатического обслуживания (ГРОКО) в настоящее в рем я идет полным ходом, но в да льнейшем потребует полной поддержки, включая инвестиции/ финансирование для развития институционального, производственного и человеческого потенциала.
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A Strategy for an Architecture for Climate Monitoring from Space
The demand for climate services has increased considerably over recent decades.
La estrategia de prestación de servicios de la OMM y su plan de aplicación
Los Miembros de la OMM reconocen la importancia de proporcionar una prestación de servicios meteorológicos, climatológicos, hidrológicos y medioambientales de alta calidad. La Organización facilita la coordinación internacional, establece normas para los productos meteorológicos e hidrológicos, y proporciona orientaciones sobre la prestación de servicios. Aunque se han logrado grandes progresos en este sentido, los Miembros convinieron en que era necesario un enfoque más uniforme y estructurado de la elaboración y prestación de servicios. Como resultado, se aprobó la Estrategia de prestación d ...
The WMO Strategy for service delivery and its implementation plan
WMO Members recognize the importance of providing high-quality delivery of weather-, climate-, water- and environment- related services. WMO facilitates international coordination, sets standards for meteorological and hydrological products and provides guidance on service delivery. While some great success has been achieved in this regard, Members have agreed that a more uniform and structured approach to service development and delivery is required. As a result, the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery (the Strategy) was approved at the sixteenth session of the World Meteorological Congress (Ma ...
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Les déterminants du coût des catastrophes naturelles : le rôle du changement climatique en France
Peinturier Cédric; Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'Énergie (MEDDE) - Gouvernement de France, 2014L’objectif de l’étude est d’établir un bref état de l’art dans le domaine de l’économie des risques naturels et du changement climatique, afin, à la fois, de donner des clés de lecture des événements passés et de comprendre les points critiques des prochaines décennies.
L’étude s’appuie sur de nombreuses publications scientifiques. Elle constitue une synthèse, non exhaustive, des réflexions et travaux menés au cours des dernières années par les experts économistes et techniques. Il s’agit d’abord d’expliquer, sur la base de ces travaux scientifiques, l’augmentation des coûts des ...
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