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Том 64(2) - 2015 г. - Решение проблем, связанных с изменением климата
is an issue of Бюллетень. Всемирная Метеорологическая Организация (BMO); Всемирная Метеорологическая Организация (BMO) - BMO, 2016
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Призыв к созданию этической основы для климатического обслуживания
Климатическое обслуживание обладает потенциалом, чтобы вносить вклад в обеспечение безопасности человека путем повышения способности человека увеличивать социальные выгоды и уменьшать потери, связанные с климатом. По мере продолжающегося изменения природных климатических характеристик обществу потребуется более своевременное и надежное климатическое обслуживание, которое поможет ему понять связанные с климатом риски и научит извлекать выгоду из соответствующих возможностей.
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Путь к предоставлению климатического обслуживания странам СИДС
Бюллетень, Том 64(2). BMO, 2016Страны Карибского и Тихоокеанского бассейнов и Малые островные развивающиеся государства (СИДС) чрезвычайно уязвимы к воздействию опасных гидроме- теорологических явлений. Предполагается, что в бли- жайшие годы изменение климата будет способствовать увеличению частоты и интенсивности таких явлений на этих островах, при этом их уязвимость повысится также в связи с нарушением экосистем и уничтожением источников существования. Поэтому, пытаясь повысить устойчивость к экстремальным метеорологическим явлениям и пагубным воздействиям изменения кли- мата, Всемирный метеорологический конгресс в июне о ...
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Конкурс «Полярный вызов»: расширение границ наблюдений в целях исследования климата и обслуживания
Бюллетень, Том 64(2). BMO, 2016Криосфера является основным индикатором глобального изменения климата и играет существенную роль в клима- тической системе. Несмотря на успехи в области числен- ного моделирования, надежность долгосрочных прогнозов изменения климата в Арктике и Антарктике существенно ограничена недостатком систематических наблюдений in situ за морским льдом и подледной областью. По этой причине Всемирная программа исследований климата (ВПИК)1 и Фонд Принца Монако Альберта II спонсируют конкурс «Полярный вызов (Polar Challenge)»2, победителем которого станет группа, первой выполнившая программу измерений с испо ...
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Управление рисками с помощью климатической прогностической продукции и обслуживания
Бюллетень, Том 64(2). BMO, 2016масштабах от недель до десятилетий увеличивается по мере того, как частный и государственный секторы признают их актуальность для формирования кли- матической устойчивости и адаптации к изменению климата. Различные типы пользователей стремятся получить специализированное климатическое обслу- живание для принятия долгосрочных решений и пла- нирования для заблаговременного предупреждения о потенциальных опасных явлениях и для адаптации и смягчения изменчивости и изменения климата. Сотрудничество в рамках Глобальной климатической основы для климатического обслуживания (ГРОКО) обеспечивает более э ...
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Почему наличие доступа к качественным климатическим данным имеет значение?
На всем протяжении истории человечества погодные условия оказывали большое влияние на рост торговли и населения. Однако в мире, переживающем изменение климата, прошлые предположения относительно погоды больше не имеют под собой почвы. Местные, региональ- ные и национальные правительства, а также предприятия пытаются справиться с ролью органов, принимающих решения. Лицам и органам, принимающим решения как в частном, так и государственном секторе нужна доступная, надежная и актуальная климатическая инфор- мация, чтобы повысить устойчивость к воздействию более интенсивных и частых экстремальных я ...
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Климатическое обслуживание сектора энергетики: новая приоритетная область ГРОКО
Энергетические системы являются двигателем эконо- мического и социального развития. Их вклад образует значительную часть ВВП любой страны. Несомненно, энергетика жизненно необходима для всех аспектов благосостояния человека, включая доступ к воде, сельскохозяйственное производство, здравоохранение, образование, создание рабочих мест и устойчивость окружающей среды. Кроме того, на выбросы пред- приятий энергетического сектора, таких как выбросы CO2, приходится наибольшая доля глобальных антро- погенных выбросов парниковых газов (ПГ). Ожидается, что достижение целевых показателей по сокращению в ...
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Climate Predictability in the Stratosphere
In order to accurately predict the day-to-day evolution of weather systems, one needs a detailed description of the initial state of the atmosphere. A good picture of the actual atmospheric conditions is therefore required. Predictability of the atmosphere associated with its initial state is, however, limited to approximately 10 days. Beyond this limit, only statistical properties of atmospheric conditions can be predicted. Of these, the mean state of the atmosphere over some period of time and the probability of extreme weather events are perhaps the most relevant for society.
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Status of the Global Observing System for Climate
Bulletin, Vol. 65(1). WMO, 2016This article highlights the main finding and conclusions of the Status of the Global Observing System for Climate (Report)1, published in late 2015. The Report offers an extensive account of how well climate is currently being observed, where progress has been made, where progress is lacking or where deterioration has occurred. It provides a basis for identifying the actions required to reduce gaps in knowledge, to improve monitoring and prediction, to support mitigation, and to help meet increasingly urgent needs for information on impacts, adaptation and vulnerability.
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Highlights from the First Five-yearly Statement on the Status of the Global Climate
Bulletin, Vol. 65(1). WMO, 2016In the last few months, 2015’s status as the warmest year on record has been making headlines around the world. The WMO annual Statements on the Status of the Global Climate are an important part of the global climate monitoring that has arrived at this conclusion. Now, for the first time, WMO has issued a five-yearly Statement on the Status of the Global Climate, covering 2011–2015.
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Gérer les risques à l’aide des produits et services de prévision climatique
Bulletin, Vol. 64(2). OMM, 2016La demande de previsions climatiques a echeance de quelques semaines a plusieurs decennies augmente car les decideurs du secteur public et du secteur prive se rendent mieux compte de leur utilite pour accroitre la resilience et renforcer l’adaptation a l’egard du changement climatique. Differentes categories d’utilisateurs souhaitent recevoir des services specialises qui facilitent la prise de decision et la planification a long terme, qui ameliorent l’alerte precoce de dangers potentiels et qui favorisent l’adaptation et l’attenuation face a la variabilite et a l’evolution du climat. Le Cadre ...
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Les services climatologiques destinés au secteur de l’énergie: nouveau domaine prioritaire pour le CMSC
Bulletin, Vol. 64(2). OMM, 2016Les systemes de production d’energie sont le moteur du developpement economique et social. Les investissements realises a ce titre representent une part importante du PIB d’un pays. De fait, l’energie est indispensable au bien-etre des populations dans pratiquement tous ses aspects, dont l’acces a l’eau, la productivite agricole, la sante, l’education, la creation d’emplois et la protection de l’environnement. Ce secteur est aussi responsable de la plus grande part des rejets de gaz a effet de serre (GES), tel le CO2, dans le monde. Les objectifs de reduction des emissions fixes par la Convent ...
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Surveillance des concentrations de carbone et de l’acidifi cation des océans
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). OMM, 2016La concentration atmosphérique de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) a augmenté de 42 % depuis le début de l’ère industrielle à cause des émissions provenant de l’exploitation des combustibles fossiles, de la production de ciment et des changements d’aff ectation des terres (Bulletin de l’OMM sur les gaz à eff et de serre, N° 10). En 2010, on estime que les océans du globe avaient déjà absorbé 155 ± 30 pétagrammes (Pg) (1 pétagramme = 1015 g) de CO2 anthropique (Khatiwala et al., 2013), soit 28 % des émissions totales de CO2. Ce phénomène a limité la hausse de la concentration atmosphérique de CO2 et a ...
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Progrès réalisés dans l’observation et la prévision du phénomène ENSO
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). OMM, 2016Les gouvernements, les entreprises du secteur privé et les particuliers sont de plus en plus exigeants lorsqu’il s’agit de la qualité des services climatologiques, d’où l’importance du Cadre mondial pour les services climatologiques (CMSC). Cependant, certaines composantes du réseau d’observation de l’océan – pourtant essentielles à la prestation de ces services – risquent de se dégrader, et les systèmes de prévision climatique ont du mal à rester au fait des attentes croissantes quant à l’exactitude et à la fi abilité des services.1234
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Services climatiques – Transition du projet CLIPS au CMSC
En 1995, le Congrès météorologique mondial a établi le projet CLIPS (Services d’information et de prévision climatologiques) afi n de fournir les meilleures informations possible sur le climat, y compris des projections sur les conditions futures, afi n d’étayer la prise de décisions d’ordre économique et social en vue de réduire les risques, de stimuler le dynamisme économique et d’améliorer la qualité de vie des populations. Depuis sa création le projet CLIPS a contribué à accroître nos connaissances sur le climat, à améliorer les capacités des services opérationnels de prévision des conditi ...
Руководящие принципы по наилучшим практикам спасения климатических данных (ВМО-№ 1182)
This technical document is an update of WMO/TD-1210, WCDMP-55, Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue (2004). It builds on the original Guidelines, while taking into account both changes in technology that have occurred in the intervening 12 years and lessons learned in more recent climate data rescue activities around the world. An overview of data rescue is presented with chapters on its importance, archiving original media, imaging, digitization and archiving digital images and digital data. Twelve appendices provide supporting information.
مبادئ توجیهیة بشأن أفضل الممارسات المتعلقة بإنقاذ البیانات المناخیة (WMO-No. 1182)
This technical document is an update of WMO/TD-1210, WCDMP-55, Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue (2004). It builds on the original Guidelines, while taking into account both changes in technology that have occurred in the intervening 12 years and lessons learned in more recent climate data rescue activities around the world. An overview of data rescue is presented with chapters on its importance, archiving original media, imaging, digitization and archiving digital images and digital data. Twelve appendices provide supporting information.
The Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue are intend ...
Directrices sobre mejores prácticas para el rescate de datos climáticos (OMM-Nº 1182)
El presente documento técnico es una actualización de la publicación WMO/TD-No. 1210, WCDMP-55, Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue (2004) (Directrices sobre el rescate de datos climáticos). Se basa en las directrices originales, pero, al mismo tiempo, en él se tienen en cuenta tanto los cambios tecnológicos surgidos a lo largo de los 12 años transcurridos como las enseñanzas extraídas de actividades de rescate de datos climáticos más recientes llevadas a cabo en todo el mundo. Se presenta un panorama general del rescate de datos, y en los diversos capítulos se abordan cuestiones como su importa ...
Guidelines on Best Practices for Climate Data Rescue (WMO-No. 1182)
This technical document is an update of WMO/TD-1210, WCDMP-55, Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue (2004). It builds on the original Guidelines, while taking into account both changes in technology that have occurred in the intervening 12 years and lessons learned in more recent climate data rescue activities around the world. An overview of data rescue is presented with chapters on its importance, archiving original media, imaging, digitization and archiving digital images and digital data. Twelve appendices provide supporting information.
The Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue are intend ...
Directives sur les bonnes pratiques en matière de sauvetage des données climatologiques (OMM-N° 1182)
Le présent document technique résulte de la mise à jour de la publication intitulée Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue (2004) (WMO/TD-1210, WCDMP-55). Il prend en compte l’évolution de la technologie depuis douze ans et tire les enseignements des opérations de sauvetage des données les plus récentes menées dans le monde. On y trouvera une présentation générale du concept de sauvetage des données, suivie de chapitres consacrés à l’importance de cette activité, à l’archivage des supports d’origine, à leur numérisation en mode image, à la numérisation des données et à l’archivage des images et des ...
气候数据拯救最佳做法指导原则 (WMO-No. 1182)
This technical document is an update of WMO/TD-1210, WCDMP-55, Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue (2004). It builds on the original Guidelines, while taking into account both changes in technology that have occurred in the intervening 12 years and lessons learned in more recent climate data rescue activities around the world. An overview of data rescue is presented with chapters on its importance, archiving original media, imaging, digitization and archiving digital images and digital data. Twelve appendices provide supporting information.
The Guidelines on Climate Data Rescue are intend ...
Communicating Climate Change Scenarios With Decision Makers: Lecture by Dr. Holly Hartmann, Research Hydrologist
In this 1-hour lecture, presented in three parts, research hydrologist Dr. Holly Hartmann discusses issues and approaches for communicating with decision-makers regarding climate change topics in water management and planning. Dr. Hartmann is a national leader in research related to the development of decision support tools for climate, water, and other resource management applications, especially linking research with the needs of decision-makers and moving research into agency operations. Dr. Hartmann is Carpe Diem West’s Director of Climate Science Applications. Previously she was Director ...
Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 1: Climate Variability and Change
Climate is changing at unprecedented rates in recorded history. A variety of lines of evidence demonstrate that climate change is likely to affect the hydrologic cycle and thus create new challenges in water management. This requires that climate change information be included in water and water-related resources planning, operations, and management. Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 1: Climate Variability and Change describes the terminology, global evidence, regional manifestations, and basic science of global climate variability and anthropogenic change, with a focus on water res ...
Forecasters' Overview of the Mediterranean and Europe
This module provides an introduction to the European continent and the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas for weather forecasters. It focuses on geography, climatology, oceanography, major aspects of the synoptic and mesoscale weather patterns, and hazards to aviation and maritime operations. Geography covers major political boundaries, cities, ports, topographical features, rivers, and volcanic areas. Climatology covers the seasonal climatology of jet stream, synoptic weather systems, extratropical cyclones, and high winds and seas. Oceanography includes major bathymetric features; mean sea su ...
Climate Variability and Change for Water Resources Management - International Edition
Climate is changing at unprecedented rates in recorded history. A variety of lines of evidence demonstrate that climate change is likely to affect the hydrologic cycle and thus create new challenges in water management. This requires that climate change information be included in water and water-related resources planning, operations, and management. Climate Variability and Change for Water Resources Management - International Edition describes the terminology, global evidence, regional manifestations, and basic science of global climate variability and anthropogenic change, with a focus on wa ...
The Science of Radio Occultation and the COSMIC Mission
The lesson provides an overview of radio occultation and its contributions to our understanding of Earth's atmosphere as demonstrated by the COSMIC mission launched in 2006. The lesson is divided into three chapters: Chapter 1 describes the science of radio occultation and how atmospheric profiles are obtained. Chapter 2 focuses on the benefits of radio occultation and COSMIC observations for numerous applications related to meteorology, climate, and space weather. Chapter 3 describes the COSMIC-2/FORMOSAT-7 mission and its expected improvements to further inform meteorology, climate, and iono ...
Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 2: General Principles in Integrating Climate Change
This lesson describes a common approach used by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to scope a study on integrating climate change information into water resources management and planning. Learners will become familiar with the types of questions that must be addressed for considering climate change impacts when scoping their study. Examples are given for several different water resources mission areas. Note that this is the second of a two lesson series, the first one is titled, "Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 1: Climate Variability and Change."
Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 2: General Principles in Integrating Climate Change
This lesson describes a common approach used by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to scope a study on integrating climate change information into water resources management and planning. Learners will become familiar with the types of questions that must be addressed for considering climate change impacts when scoping their study. Examples are given for several different water resources mission areas. Note that this is the second of a two lesson series, the first one is titled, "Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 1: Climate Variability and Change."
Sea Level Change: Basics
This lesson describes the physical processes, both natural and human-induced, that lead to changes in sea level. The processes described include climate induced changes in ocean heat content and volume, natural oceanic cycles, and both natural and human-induced changes in coastal land elevation. The learning is enhanced with rich graphics and periodic questions.
Interpreting Climate Outlooks: An Australian Example
Climate outlooks provide probability-based information about expected rainfall and temperatures at timescales of months or longer. This lesson demonstrates how monthly and seasonal outlooks issued by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology can be combined with other information for use in decision-making by persons in climate-sensitive sectors. The lesson explains the main drivers affecting Australia's climate—ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole, Southern Annular Mode, and the subtropical ridge—and explores how the status of the climate drivers can affect the outlook maps as well as confidence in the outlo ...
Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 2: General Principles in Integrating Climate Change
This lesson describes a common approach used by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to scope a study on integrating climate change information into water resources management and planning. Learners will become familiar with the types of questions that must be addressed for considering climate change impacts when scoping their study. Examples are given for several different water resources mission areas. Note that this is the second of a two lesson series, the first one is titled, "Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 1: Climate Variability and Change."
Ocean Acidification
The chemistry of the world’s oceans is changing. Ocean acidity is creeping upward, a result of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. The added carbon dioxide depletes seawater of carbonate, a chemical constituent of minerals that form the shells and structures of animals including corals, molluscs, plankton, and others. The accelerating impacts are expected to reverberate through the marine food web. Most people are unaware of ocean acidification and its expected impacts. This lesson will educate policy makers and university students about its causes and consequences. The lesson explains the chem ...
INDARE, Indian Ocean Data Rescue Initiative : summary report
This publication provides a summary of a capacity building workshop on Data Rescue (DARE), Quality Control (QC), Homogenisation and Climate Change Indices held in Arusha, Tanzania from 9-14 November 2015 as part of the implementation of the Indian Ocean Data Rescue (INDARE) initiative. The National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Tanzania participated in the workshop and received the necessary knowledge and software to undertake QC and homogenisation of their climate time series and use them for analysing c ...
Pacific Islands Meteorological Services in Action : A Compendium of Climate Services Case Studies
SPREP ; Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI); Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland ; et al. - SPREP, 2016
Statistical approach towards subseasonal prediction over the Maritime Continent
Ismail Norlaila - 이화여자대학교 대학원, 2016
Use of Climate Predictions to Manage Risks
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) - WMO, 2016 (WMO-No. 1174)
Regional Climate Outlook Forums
A Regional Climate Outlook Forum is a platform that brings together climate experts and sector representatives from countries in a climatologically homogenous region to provide consensus based climate prediction and information, with input from global and regional producing centres and National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, with the aim of gaining substantial socio-economic benefits in climate sensitive sectors.
Ocean, climate and weather: the role of the World Meteorological Organization
When it comes to the weather, most of us think only about what is happening in the atmosphere. If we ignore the ocean, however, we miss a big piece of the picture: covering some 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface, the ocean is a major driver of the world’s weather and climate. The ocean is also a major driver of the global economy, carrying more than 90 per cent of world trade and sustaining the 40 per cent of humanity that lives within 100 km of the coast. Recognizing this, national weather agencies and researchers regularly monitor the ocean, model how it affects the atmosphere and deliver m ...
The Global Climate in 2011–2015
This report describes the evolution of the climate system during the period 2011–2015. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has assessed this five-year period in order to contribute to a better understanding of multiyear warming trends and extreme events that can help governments to implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change more effectively.
Weather, Climate and Hydrological services: how WMO supports the 2030 agenda for sustainable development
Weather, climate and water can either disrupt sustainable development or advance it. The providers of weather, climate, hydrological, marine and related environmental services therefore have a critical role to play in assisting countries to implement the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). High-quality meteorological services empower decision-makers to better manage agriculture, public health, water resources, energy production, transportation and other sectors that are critical for national development.
International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, third workshop (IBTrACS-III), Report and Recommendations : final report
Knapp Kenneth - WMO, 2016The 3rd international IBTrACS workshop was held in Honolulu, Hawaii, on 16-February-2016. This workshop was held in conjunction with the 2nd International Workshop on the Satellite Analysis of Tropical Cyclones, and so was an opportunity to have a good cross-section of the international tropical cyclone community in order to advance the work of IBTrACS in serving the needs and requirements of IBTrACS users. NCEI’s Kenneth Knapp conducted the workshop in person and was supported by members of NCEI’s IBTrACS team (Howard Diamond, James Kossin, Michael Kruk, and Carl Schreck) on the phone in help ...
Projection of Future Streamflow Changes in the Pearl River Basin
Global climate change is remarkably changing the climatic patterns of the Pearl River basin and are significantly impacting the hydrological processes. Projection of future climate change impacts on steamflow variation is potential to provide scientific guidelines for sustainable water resources management and effective prevention and control for flood and drought disasters. In this study, a hydrological modeling system for assessing climate change impacts on runoffin the Pearl River basin was established and were used to simulate historical hydrological process and to project future streamflo ...
Variability of Benin JJAS Precipitation associated with MAM SST Anomaly in the Atlantic Ocean
Precipitations vary consistently in Benin from 1981 to 2010. The present study reveals that the variation of Benin JJAS precipitation is positively correlated to MAM Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in Atlantic Ocean with correlation coefficient more than 0.7. When the SST is higher (lower) in the Atlantic Ocean, precipitation over Benin tends to be above (below) normal. The years 1988, 1989, 2003, 2007 and 2008, were wet with 1988, 2003, 2008 high SST over Tropical Southern Atlantic Ocean (STAO) while the years 1982, 1983, 1992 and 1997 formed the dry years with low SST over Tropical Southern At ...
GAW Report, 226. Coupled Chemistry-Meteorology/ Climate Modelling (CCMM): status and relevance for numerical weather prediction, atmospheric pollution and climate research
Online coupled meteorology atmospheric chemistry models have undergone a rapid evolution in recent years. Although mainly developed by the air quality modelling community, these models are also of interest for numerical weather prediction and climate modelling as they can consider not only the effects of meteorology on air quality, but also the potentially important effects of atmospheric composition on weather. This report provides the main conclusions from the Symposium on “Coupled Chemistry-Meteorology/Climate Modelling: Status and Relevance for Numerical Weather Prediction, Air Quality and ...
Climate Services for Supporting Climate Change Adaptation : Supplement to the Technical Guidelines for The National Adaptation Plan Process
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) - WMO, 2016 (WMO-No. 1170)Because of the current and projected impacts on climate due to the high levels of greenhousegas (GHG) emissions, adaptation is a necessary strategy at all scales in a changing climate. At its 17th session, the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process as a way to facilitate effective adaptation planning in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and other developing countries. The four key elements that need to be undertaken in the development of NAPs are: Laying the groundwork and addressin ...
WMO Statement on the status of the global climate in 2015
The year 2015 will stand out in the historical record of the global climate in many ways. Modern records for heat were broken: 2015 was a record warm year both globally and in many individual countries. Heatwaves were extremely intense in various part of the world, leading to thousands of deaths in India and Pakistan. Record extreme precipitation led to flooding that affected tens of thousands of people across South America, West Africa and Europe. Dry conditions in southern Africa and Brazil exacerbated multi-year droughts. The influence of the strong El Niño that developed in the later part ...
WMO 2015年 全球气候状况声明
2015年将在全球气候史上创下很多记 录。2015年打破了现代高温记录：这是全球和 许多国家有记录以来最热的一年。热浪在全球 各地都非常强烈，导致印度和巴基斯坦数千人 因此死亡。创记录的极端降水造成洪水，影响 了南美洲、西非和欧洲的数万人。南部非洲和 巴西降水偏少，加剧了多年的干旱。2015年后 半年的强厄尔尼诺现象造成了2015年的许多 天气和气候事件。需要我们做的工作还很多， 但国际合作、近实时资料分享和归因科学的进 步开始使人们有可能理解厄尔尼诺等自然气候 变化和人类活动引起的气候变化所发挥的作 用。
بيان المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية عن حالة ا لمناخ العالمي في 2015
وتلتزم المنظمة ) WMO ( بزيادة تعزيز الخدمات المتعلقة بالطقس والمناخ وما يتصل بهما من بحوث. وإضافة إلى تعزيز التقدم العلمي، تسلّم المنظمة ) WMO ( بالحاجة إلى بناء خدمات مناخیة تشغیلیة تدعم القدرة على الصمود في مواجهة المناخ والتكیف معھ. فنحو 70 بلداً في مختلف أنحاء العالم لیست لديها ما تحتاج إلیھ من قدرات لإنتاج وتطبیق المعلومات والتنبؤات المناخیة في الحدود الزمنیة المطلوبة ومع ضمان جودة الخدمات. ويساعد الإطار العالمي للخدمات المناخیة أقل البلدان نمواً والدول الجزرية الصغیرة النامیة وغیرها من البلدان ذات الأوضاع الهشة على تعزيز قدراتها الوطنیة في مجال المناخ والأرصاد الجوية. وتعمل المنظمة ) WMO ...
Заявление ВМО о состоянии глобального климата в 2015 году
В многолетнем ряду наблюдений за глобальным климатом 2015 год станет выдающимся во многих отношениях. Превышены рекордные значения высоких температур: 2015 год был рекордно те- плым как на глобальном уровне, так и во многих отдельных странах. Волны тепла были исключи- тельно интенсивными в различных частях мира и явились причиной гибели тысяч людей в Индии и Пакистане. Рекордное количество экстремаль- ных осадков привело к наводнениям, которые затронули десятки тысяч людей на территории Южной Америки, Западной Африки и Европы. Засушливые условия в южной части Африки и Бразилии усилили многолет ...
Declaración de la OMM sobre el estado del clima mundial en 2015
El año 2015 se destacará en el registro histórico del clima mundial por muchas razones. En 2015 las altas temperaturas batieron numerosos récords modernos: fue el año más cálido de los que se tienen datos tanto a nivel mundial como a nivel nacional en muchos países. Hubo olas de calor sumamente intensas en varias partes del mundo, que provocaron un número extremadamente elevado de muertes en India y Pakistán. Las precipitaciones extremas sin precedentes causaron inundaciones que afectaron a decenas de miles de personas en América del Sur, África occidental y Europa. Las condiciones secas en Áf ...
Déclaration de l’OMM sur l’état du climat mondial en 2015
L’année 2015 restera à de nombreux égards comme une année historique pour ce qui est du climat mondial. Année record en termes de chaleur, tant au niveau mondial que dans de nombreux pays, elle a vu tomber des records de température établis depuis le début des relevés modernes. Des vagues de chaleur d’une intensité extrême ont frappé différentes régions du monde, entraînant une surmortalité de plusieurs milliers de personnes en Inde et au Pakistan. Des précipitations extrêmes, atteignant un niveau record, ont provoqué des inondations qui ont fait des dizaines de milliers de sinistrés en Amériq ...
المناخ العالمي في 2015–2011
في توحید أفضل المعلومات المناخیة المتاحة من المرافق الوطنیة للأرصاد الجوية والهیدرولوجیا في بیانات سنوية عن حالة المناخ العالمي. وفي عام 2013 ، أصدرت المنظمة ( WMO ) ملخصاً عقدياً عن المناخ غطى الفترة 2001 - 2010 . ومنذ عام 2006 ، أنتجت المنظمة WMO) ) أيضاً نشرات سنوية عن غازات الاحتباس الحراري تقدّم إفادة عن تركیزات غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي التي تدفع إلى تغیر المناخ. ولقد كانت التأثیرات المبكرة لتغیر المناخ واضحة باستمرار على النطاق العالمي منذ ثمانینیات القرن الماضي، وهي: زيادة درجة حرارة العالم على الیابسة وفي سطح وأعماق المحیطات، وارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر، وانصهار طبقات الجلید ...
Estado del clima mundial en 2011–2015
El presente informe describe la evolución del sistema climático durante el período comprendido entre 2011 y 2015. La Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) ha evaluado este período de cinco años con el fin de contribuir a comprender mejor las tendencias plurianuales al calentamiento y los fenómenos extremos que pueden ayudar a los gobiernos a aplicar con mayor eficacia la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Esto se aplica en particular al Acuerdo de París de 2015, que proporciona a la comunidad mundial una oportunidad histórica para actuar con más urgencia en l ...
Le climat mondial 2011–2015
Le présent rapport décrit l’évolution du système climatique entre 2011 et 2015. L’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) a analysé ces cinq années afin de mieux comprendre le réchauffement constaté sur cette période, ainsi que les phénomènes extrêmes et, par là même, aider les gouvernements à mettre en oeuvre de manière plus efficace la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), et en particulier l’Accord de Paris. Adopté en 2015, ce dernier représente, pour la communauté internationale, une occasion sans précédent d’accélérer les efforts visant à limiter ...
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Call for an Ethical Framework for Climate Services
Climate services have the potential to contribute to human security by improving our ability to enhance societal benefits, and reduce losses, related to climate. As natural climate patterns continue to change, society will want more timely and reliable climate services to help them gain an understanding of climate risks and for guidance on how to take advantage of related opportunities. 1 2
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A Pathway to Climate Services for SIDS
Bulletin, Vol. 64(2). WMO, 2015Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Ocean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are extremely vulnerable to hydro-meteorological hazards. In the coming years, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and severity of such hazards in these islands while simultaneously increasing vulnerability by damaging ecosystems and wiping out livelihoods. Thus, in a bid to increase resilience to extreme weather events and the adverse impacts of climate change, the World Meteorological Congress in June approved the establishment of a new programme to support and enhance weather and climate services in SID ...
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The Polar Challenge: Pushing the Boundaries of Observations for Climate Research and Services
Bulletin, Vol. 64(2). WMO, 2015The cryosphere is a major indicator of global climate change and plays a fundamental role in the climate system. Despite advances in numerical modelling, the reliability of long-term climate change predictions in the Arctic and Antarctic are severely limited by the lack of systematic in situ observations of and beneath the sea ice. For this reason, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)1 and the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation are sponsoring a Polar Challenge2 that will reward the first team to complete a 2 000 km mission with an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) under the Arctic ...
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Managing Risk with Climate Prediction Products and Services
Bulletin, Vol. 64(2). WMO, 2015Demand for climate predictions on timescales of weeks to decades is accelerating as decision-makers in both private and public sectors increasingly recognize their relevance in building climate resilience and in climate change adaptation. Tailored climate services are sought by various types of users for longer-term decisions and planning, for early warning of potential hazards, and for climate variability and change adaptation and mitigation. Collaboration within the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) is ensuring that providers of climate prediction products interact more effectivel ...
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Why Does Access to Good Climate Data Matter?
Over the course of human history, weather patterns have greatly influenced the growth of commerce and communities. But in a world experiencing climate change, past assumptions about the weather no longer hold true. Local, regional and national governments, as well as businesses, are grappling with their role as decision-makers. Climate data may be available but it is often hard to find, understand and apply to decision-making. Both private and public sector decision-makers need accessible, credible and relevant climate information to increase resilience to the more intense and frequent weather ...
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Climate Services for the Energy Sector: A New Priority Area for the GFCS
Energy systems are the engine of economic and social development. Their investments represent a sizeable portion of a country’s GDP. Indeed, energy is essential to practically all aspects of human welfare, including access to water, agricultural productivity, health care, education, job creation and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, energy sector emissions, such as CO2, account for the largest share of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions reduction targets under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are expected to significantly increase dema ...
Vol. 63(2) - 2014 - Tiempo y clima - Conocimiento de los riesgos y preparación frente a la variabilidad y los extremos
is an issue of Boletín. Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM); Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) - OMM, 2015
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Sommet de l’ONU sur le climat
Bulletin, Vol. 63(2). OMM, 2015Le Sommet de l’ONU sur le climat a rassemblé 100 chefs d’État et de gouvernement ainsi que des responsables du monde de la finance, des chefs d’entreprise et des représentants de la société civile, afin de dynamiser la réflexion sur le changement climatique et les réponses à y apporter.
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Monitoring Ocean Carbon and Ocean Acidification
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). WMO, 2015Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration has increased by 42% since the onset of the industrial revolution due to emissions from fossil fuel burning, cement production and land-use change, as reported in the WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 10. As of 2010, the oceans had absorbed an estimated 155 ± 30 petagrams (Pg, 1 petagram = 1015 grams-force) of anthropogenic CO2 [Khatiwala et al., 2013], the equivalent of 28% of the total CO2 emissions during the same time. This factor limited the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Although this ocean CO2 uptake reduces climate change, it also comes ...
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Progress in Observing and Predicting ENSO
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). WMO, 2015Governments, private companies and individuals are demanding ever more sophisticated climate services, as manifested by the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). But parts of the ocean observation network – paramount to the delivery of climate services – are at risk, and the evolution of climate prediction systems is not keeping pace in terms of accuracy and reliability
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Climate Services - Transitioning from CLIPS to GFCS
Bulletin, Vol. 64(1). WMO, 2015In 1995, the World Meteorological Congress established the Climate Information and Prediction Services (CLIPS) project “to provide the best possible climate information, including expectations of future conditions, to improve economic and social decisions that will reduce risks and improve economic vitality as well as quality of life.” Since, CLIPS has strived to increase climate knowledge, improve operational climate prediction capabilities, and develop the capacities of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to deliver climate information to meet the needs of stakeholders. ...
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Building Climate Resilience through Disaster Risk Reduction
Natural hazards involving weather, climate and water are a major source of death, injury and physical destruction. Over the past decade (2005-2014), 3 253 hydrometeorological hazards were reported around the world, resulting in 283 0351 deaths and economic losses amounting to US$ 983 million.
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Climate finance : lessons from Rwanda
Developed countries have made little progress in providing climate finance for the transition towards low-emission and climateadaptive development pathways in developing countries. It is expected that a new legal agreement on climate finance will be reached at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP 21) later this year. It is vital that developing countries are able to motivate for greater climate finance accessibility. To this end, developing countries must demonstrate their ability to manage funds, develop projects that respond to social needs and indicate clear impact and results. Rw ...
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Climate adaptation research in a larger Europe : an analysis at national scale
European Commission, 2015The aim of this report is to provide policy-makers, research managers, and the whole adaptation and scientific community, with statistical information on national adaptation research in the 32 EEA member countries plus Israel, determined through a sound analysis of the INFOBASE. The report analyses the projects uploaded in the CIRCLE-2 INFOBASE until October 2013 along their main character.
The report explains key finding on climate adaptation. The most important findings are that the number of national adaptation research projects vary greatly among countries, the “observations ...
SMOC, 194. Rapport d’activité sur le Système Mondial d’Observation du Climat : résumé d'octobre 2015
Le Rapport d’activité remplit deux fonctions: il évalue l’état d’avancement des mesures décrites dans le Plan de mise en oeuvre du système mondial d’observation à des fins climatologiques dans le contexte de la CCNUCC (version de 2010) et analyse de façon plus générale l’efficacité globale du Système mondial d’observation du climat. Il se fonde sur un vaste ensemble de documents sur le SMOC publiés depuis le bilan de 2009, dont bon nombre décrivent les résultats d’ateliers spécialisés ou de réunions de groupes de travail.
GCOS, 195. Status of the Global Observing System for Climate
This Status Report performs two functions: It assesses the progress made against the actions set out in the GCOS Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update), while also providing a more generic assessment of the overall adequacy of the global observing system for climate. It makes use of a wide range of supporting GCOS materials published since progress was reported in 2009, many of which have resulted from the outcomes of specialized workshops or working group meetings.
GCOS, 194. Status of the Global Observing System for Climate : executive summary October 2015
A report entitled Status of the Global Observing System for Climate was invited by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the thirty-third session of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) in Cancún, Mexico, in 2010. The conclusions of SBSTA in subsequent years have reinforced the importance ascribed to this status report. The report has recently been completed under the overall guidance of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Steering Committee with contributions from panel members and external experts. It ...
WCDMP, 84. Eighth Seminar for Homogenization and Quality Control in Climatological Databases and Third Conference on Spatial Interpolation Techniques in Climatology and Meteorology
The 8th Homogenization Seminar and the 3rd Conference on Spatial Interpolation were organized together considering certain theoretical and practical respects. Theoretically there is a strong connection between these topics since the homogenization and quality control procedures need spatial statistics and interpolation techniques for spatial comparison of data. On the other hand the spatial interpolation procedures (e.g. gridding) need homogeneous data series with high quality. Practically the CARPATCLIM project that was launched in 2010 and ended in 2013 is a good example for this problem. Th ...
Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s
World Health Organization (WHO) - WHO, 2015This report provides a quantitative assessment of the health impacts of climate change and takes into account a subset of the possible health impacts, while assuming continued economic growth and health progress. Even under these conditions, it concludes that climate change is expected to cause approximately 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050; 38 000 due to heat exposure in elderly people, 48 000 due to diarrhoea, 60 000 due to malaria, and 95 000 due to childhood undernutrition. Results indicate that the burden of disease from climate change in the future will continue t ...
Satellite-Derived Climatology Products for Monitoring Convection Over West and Central Africa
A weather forecaster’s knowledge of climatology is important to the success of a forecast, especially where convection is involved. That’s particularly true over Central and West Africa where convection has a strong diurnal cycle and usually develops over particular geographic regions and during specific time intervals. The lesson describes satellite-derived cloud climatology products and several global instability indices, all of which can be integrated with other products to forecast convection. Although the lesson uses examples of climatology products from specific months, it makes the full ...
Introduction to Meteorological Charting
This lesson provides a brief overview of surface and upper-air data and how these data are plotted on meteorological charts. The content introduces various charting and reporting techniques, including station models, contour analyses, streamlines, and upper air maps. Examples cover both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere and provide learners with opportunities to practice recognizing frequently used weather symbols. Supplemental materials include three Weather Symbol Identification drills. Completing these drills may require approximately 1-1.5 hours above the length of time estim ...
Geospatial Infrastructure for Coastal Communities: Informing Adaptation to Sea Level Rise
Aimed at community planners, emergency managers, and other coastal zone decision-makers this video will explain how using geospatial information already available through NOAA, combined with strategic local investments in infrastructure can provide communities with the data needed to confidently plan for future sea-level changes. This resource is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel.
Introduction to Climatology for the Tropical Pacific Islands
This lesson provides information on climatology—what it is, the factors that create an area's climate, and the sources and uses of climate information. Focused specifically on tropical Pacific islands, the content covers the key features influencing climate in that region and includes examples for four locations distributed across the tropical Pacific Ocean, both north and south of the equator. The lesson provides a basic introduction to tropical climatology intended for a wide range of users, from meteorology technicians, forecasters, and scientists, to those in industries or sectors influenc ...
Forecasting Heavy Rains and Landslides in Eastern Africa
Good rainfall draws many people to settle across the eastern Africa highlands for farming and other businesses. However, factors such as steep terrain, logging, livestock grazing, agriculture, and construction, have increased erosion and contributed to less stable slopes. These factors can lead to devastating landslides and mudslides, especially during episodes of very heavy rain. Forecasting and monitoring heavy rainfall is challenging, especially in mountainous regions that have few surface observations. This make satellite data critical for meteorologists and hydrologists forecasting for th ...
NCAR Climate Data Guide
The Climate Data Guide provides concise and reliable information on the strengths and limitations of the key observational data sets, tools and methods used to evaluate Earth system models and to understand the climate system. Citable expert commentaries are authored by experienced data users and developers, enabling scientists to multiply the impacts of their work and the diverse user community to access and understand the essential data. This resource is made available courtesy of NCAR's Climate and Global Dynamics Division and is not produced, owned or hosted by UCAR/COMET.
Overview of Watershed and Channel Sedimentation
This lesson provides an overview of the primary influences of watershed and channel sedimentation. In a short narrated portion of the lesson, we explore a section of the Rio Grande watershed and channel in New Mexico using Google Earth imagery, river profiles, and graphic animations. We highlight features of the upland catchments, the river channel, and the Elephant Butte Reservoir. We then demonstrate how environmental factors (climate, geography, land use changes, reservoirs) impact the supply and movement of sediments for the Rio Grande and other rivers. The focus is on the three primary pr ...
The Scientific Fundamentals of Climate Change
The climate system is a complex, interactive system consisting of the atmosphere, land surface, snow and ice, oceans and other bodies of water, and living elements. The climate system evolves in time under the influence of its own internal dynamics and due to changes in external factors. But, do you know what the meteorological consequences of climate variability and change are? What is the human contribution to climate variability? Find out about these and other issues through the UN CC:Learn learning interface on the scientific fundamentals of climate change. If you are a newcomer to the are ...
Roots for the Future : The Landscape and Way Forward on Gender and Climate Change
International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN; Global Gender and Climate Alliance (GGCA) - IUCN, 2015Over the last decade, tremendous progress has been made by the global community in recognizing the differentiated causes and impacts of climate change and considering proactive, effective, inclusive, gender-responsive solutions. Roots for the Future: the Landscape and Way Forward on Gender and Climate Change presents the latest research, data, strategies, and results on gender and climate change policymaking and programming.
IPCC Workshop on Regional Climate Projections and their Use in Impacts and Risk Analysis Studies : workshop report
Regional climate change projections provide the quantitative basis for studies of projected impacts from climate change and associated risks, which are essential building blocks for the comprehensive assessment of climate change science by the IPCC. There exist a number of climate modelling initiatives aimed at producing regional climate change projections, but they overall have not yet reached the maturity necessary for their wide spread use by the impacts and risk assessment community and relevant stakeholders. This Workshop was an opportunity to strengthen the link between the assessment of ...
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Perceptions of obvious and disruptive climate change: community-based risk assessment for two native villages in Alaska: In Climate 2015, 3(4), pp. 812-832
This work operationalizes the determinants of climate change risk, exposure and vulnerability, through the perceptions held by Native hunters, fishers, and gatherers in Savoonga and Shaktoolik, Alaska. Informed by their skill, experience, and the traditional knowledge of their elders, hunters, fishers, and gatherers in these communities are astute observers of their environment and environmental change. A questionnaire is used to sort and rank their perceptions of the most obvious and disruptive elements of climate change as representations of exposure and vulnerability, respectively.
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Disaster risk programme to strengthen resilience in the dry corridor in Central America
This document presents an overview on the impact of the Dry Corridor phenomenon in Central America, and the work the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - in collaboration with its partners - is doing to support countries to increase disaster resilience of households, communities and institutions.
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Agriculture and livelihood flood impact assessment in Myanmar
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) Myanmar - gov ; Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development (MLFRD) Myanmar - gov ; et al. - FAO, 2015This report assesses the disaster impact of the cyclone Komen on agriculture and rural-based livelihoods of affected populations in Myanmar. The assessment was conducted in the six most-affected regions/states of Ayeyarwady, Bago, Chin, Magway, Rakhine and Sagaing. It was co-led by FAO and WFP under the framework of the Food Security Sector in partnership with UN women, World Vision, CESVI, CARE, JICA and LIFT.
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Good practice in designing and implementing national monitoring systems for adaptation to climate change
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) - Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), 2015This report identifies, analyses and compares international good practices in the design and implementation of national monitoring and evaluation (M&E) indicator systems for climate change adaptation.
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Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, vol. 112 no. 11, pp. 3241–3246
This paper presents evidence on how the 2007−2010 drought contributed to the conflict in Syria. It was the worst drought in the instrumental record, causing widespread crop failure and a mass migration of farming families to urban centers. Century-long observed trends in precipitation, temperature, and sea-level pressure, supported by climate model results, strongly suggest that anthropogenic forcing has increased the probability of severe and persistent droughts in this region, and made the occurrence of a 3-year drought as severe as that of 2007−2010 2 to 3 times more likely than by natural ...
Urban flooding of Greater Dhaka in a changing climate: building local resilience to disaster risk
World Bank, 2015This study’s overall aim is to provide local decision-makers an effective planning approach for minimizing the damage risk of rainfall-induced urban flooding in Dhaka in a changing climate. Specific objectives are to assess the vulnerability of the Greater Dhaka area to urban flooding and waterlogging, estimate probable economic damage due to climate change, develop structural adaptation measures, evaluate the reduction in economic damage resulting from implementing these measures, and estimate their cost.
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Managing weather and climate risks to agriculture in North America, Central America and the Caribbean: In Weather and Climate Extremes, October 2015
This paper focuses on the weather and climate aspects of risk and uncertainty in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. It provides an overview of the weather and climate risks to agriculture in the region and identifies the extreme episodic events that most often threaten agriculture. Examples of these extreme episodic events are documented, quantifying impacts on local agriculture.
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