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WMO Open Consultative Platform White Paper #2 - Future of National Meteorological or Hydrometeorological Services: Evolving roles and responsibilities (WMO-No. 1294)
This OCP White Paper on the Future of National Meteorological or Hydrometeorological Services – Evolving Roles and Responsibilities has been produced as a collective endeavour of a group of world-leading experts to analyse trends, challenges and opportunities in a dynamic environment. It is focused on evolving roles, responsibilities, operational scenarios and partnership mechanisms that define the future and work of NMSs as national institutions and key participants in the global weather, climate and water ecosystem of stakeholders. The primary objective of this paper is to inform key decisio ...
2021 세계기후상태 State of the Global Climate 2021 (WMO-No. 1290)
The publication provides a summary on the state of the climate indicators in 2021 including global temperatures trends and its distribution around the globe; most recent finding on Green House Gases concentration, Ocean indicators; Cryosphere with a particular emphasis on Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, greenland ice sheet and glaciers and snow cover; Stratospheric Ozone; analysis of major drivers of inter-annual climate variability during the year including the El Niño Souther Oscillation and other Ocean and Atmshperic indices; global precipitation distribution over land; extreme events includi ...
Aerodrome reports and forecasts (WMO-No. 782) : A Users’ Handbook to the Codes
This booklet is a simple guide to the aeronautical meteorological codes, METAR, SPECI and TAF, applicable on 4 November 2021, updated as a result of the alignment of the Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49), Volume II – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation, Parts I and II, with Amendment 80 to Annex 3 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. It is aimed at a wide range of users such as pilots, flight dispatchers, air traffic control staff and meteorological observers at smaller aerodromes where sophisticated automated instruments are not available. Although the reade ...
COVID-19 Task Team Briefing Note
Briefing note from the WMO Research Board Task Team on COVID-19 Meteorological and Air Quality Factors summarizing key findings and recommendations for NMHS on actions to take regarding meteorological and air quality (MAQ) services for COVID-19 Risk Reduction and Management (9 May 2022)
AGM, 111. Report of the Joint Commission on Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM)/Joint Commission on Marine Meteorology and Oceanography (JCOMM) Task Team on Weather, Climate and Fisheries (2014-2018)
This is the summary report of the Joint Task Team of the Commission on Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM)/Joint Commission on Marine Meteorology and Oceanography (JCOMM) on Weather, Climate and Fisheries that was active from 2014-2018. The report focuses on the following themes: Climate variability impacts of selected fisheries: impacts of climate change on fisheries; risk assessment and management evaluation tools for the ecosystem-approach to management of fisheries; weather and climate tools for integrated coastal management of coastal fisheries and marine agriculture; weather and climate too ...
State of the Global Climate 2021 (WMO-No. 1290)
The publication provides a summary on the state of the climate indicators in 2021 including global temperatures trends and its distribution around the globe; most recent finding on Green House Gases concentration, Ocean indicators; Cryosphere with a particular emphasis on Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, greenland ice sheet and glaciers and snow cover; Stratospheric Ozone; analysis of major drivers of inter-annual climate variability during the year including the El Niño Souther Oscillation and other Ocean and Atmshperic indices; global precipitation distribution over land; extreme events includi ...
Drought and Water Scarcity (WMO-No. 1284)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; IDMP expert panel with 14 experts from various IDMP partner organizations including UNCCD and FAO - WMO, 2022Driven by climate change, population growth, economic development, and poor water management, the increasingly limited availability of freshwater resources is a fundamental concern for societies worldwide. Drought and water scarcity – two major phenomena that challenge water security – know no national boundaries and affect all socioeconomic sectors of society, with a greater impact on the more vulnerable, poorer or marginalized populations.
Drought is a natural climatic feature of below-average precipitation, which can last for months or years, while water scarcity results from a long- ...
GCOS, 243. 29th Session of the GCOS Steering Committee
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2022
GCOS, 242. Report of the Thirteenth GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-13)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2022
Stories of success: Building Resilience to High-Impact Hydro-meteorological events through Strengthening Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems in Small Island Develoiping States and South East Asia : Canada CREWS Project
GAW Report, 273. Seventh Session of the Research Board Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry Scientific Steering Committee
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Seventh session report of the Research Board Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry Scientific Steering Committee (8–11 February 2021, Geneva, Switzerland) - WMO, 2022
WMO Open Consultative Platform White Paper #1 - Future of weather and climate forecasting (WMO-No. 1263)
The demand for weather and climate forecast information in support of critical decision-making has grown rapidly during the last decade, and will grow even faster in the coming years. Great advances have been made in the utilization of predictions in many areas of human activities. Nevertheless, further improvements in accuracy and precision, higher spatial and temporal resolution, and better description of uncertainty are needed for realizing the full potential of forecasts as enablers of a new level of weather and climate-informed decision-making.
Rules of Procedure for Regional Associations (WMO-No. 1241)
The rules of procedure for the regional associations have been adopted in accordance with Regulation 3 of the General Regulations. Their goal is to ensure standardized procedural arrangements for all regional associations and their subsidiary bodies.
لجنة الرصد والبنیة التحتیة ونظم المعلومات : التقرير النهائي الموجز للدورة الأولى (مطبوع المنظمة رقم 1251)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; INFCOM-1 (18 March–18 May 2020, 9–13 November 2020, 12–16 April 2021) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1251)
Rules of Procedure for the Executive Council (WMO-No. 1256)
These rules of procedure cover the Executive Council and the panels reporting to it (Scientific Advisory Panel, Climate Coordination Panel, Hydrological Coordination Panel, Panel of Experts on Polar and High-mountain Observations, Research and Services and Capacity Development Panel). Established in accordance with Regulation 3, they were adopted by the Executive Council under the authority of the Convention and of the General Regulations of the World Meteorological Organization.
Правила процедуры для региональных ассоциаций (ВМО-№ 1241)
Правила процедуры для региональных ассоциаций приняты согласно правилу 3 Общего регламента. Их целью является обеспечение стандартизированных процедурных механизмов для всех региональных ассоциаций и их вспомогательных органов.
Rules of Procedure for Technical Commissions (WMO-No. 1240)
The rules of procedure for the technical commissions have been adopted in accordance with Regulation 3 of the General Regulations. Their goal is to ensure standardized procedural arrangements for all technical commissions and their subsidiary bodies.
Basic documents No. 1 (WMO-No. 15)
This publication contains: the texts of the WMO Convention; the General, Staff and Financial Regulations; the text of the Agreement between the UN and WMO; the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies; and the agreement, plan of execution and protocol concluded between the Swiss Federal Council and WMO governing the latter's status in Switzerland.
Conseil régional VI (Europe) - Rapport final abrégé de la dix-huitième session (OMM-N° 1260)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Regional Association VI (Europe), 18th session (20 November 2020 and 29 November 2021; Virtual Session) - OMM, 2021 (OMM-No. 1260)
Региональная ассоциация VI (Европа) - Сокращенный окончательный отчет восемнадцатой сессии (ВМО-№ 1260)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Regional Association VI (Europe), 18th session (20 November 2020 and 29 November 2021; Virtual Session) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1260)
Regional Association VI (Europe) - Abridged final report of the Eighteenth session (WMO-No. 1260)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Regional Association VI (Europe), 18th session (20 November 2020 and 29 November 2021; Virtual Session) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1260)
الاتحاد الإقليمي السادس (أوروبا) – التقرير النهائي الموجز للدورة الثامنة عشرة (مطبوع المنظمة رقم 1260)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Regional Association VI (Europe), 18th session (20 November 2020 and 29 November 2021; Virtual Session) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1260)
Manual on the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WMO-No. 1160) : Annex VIII to the WMO Technical Regulations
This is the first edition of the Manual on the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WMO-No. 1160), developed following the decision of the Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress to proceed with the implementation of that System (WIGOS). It was approved by the Seventeenth World Meteorological Congress.
The Manual was developed by the Executive Council through its Inter-Commission Coordination Group on WIGOS, specifically its Task Team on WIGOS Regulatory Material. It is the result of a collaborative approach involving all interested technical commissions under the leadership of the C ...
Guidelines on Seasonal Hydrological Prediction (WMO-No. 1274)
This document introduces the general concept of seasonal hydrological forecasting and sources of predictability of hydrological parameters over longer lead-time. It provides information on available methods of seasonal hydrological prediction and corresponding data needs. It also provides basic information about the process of system design with an emphasis on users’ engagement within the entire service development and delivery cycle.
Regional Association II (Asia): Abridged final report with resolutions and decisions of the Seventeenth Session (WMO-No. 1279)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Virtual sessions (25-26 May 2021 and 27-30 September 2021) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1279)
Commission for Observation, Infrastructure and Information Systems : Abridged Final Report of the First Session (WMO-No. 1251)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; INFCOM-1 (18 March–18 May 2020, 9–13 November 2020, 12–16 April 2021) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1251)
أطلس المنظمة العالمیة للأرصاد الجوية بشأن الوفیات والخسائر الاقتصادية الناجمة عن ظواهر الطقس والمناخ والماء المتطرفة (1970–2019) (مطبوع المنظمة رقم 1267)
An overview of impacts from weather, climate and water extremes globally from 1970 to 2019 based on disaster data from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). Disaster statistics are conducted for the 50-year and decadal periods at the national, regional and global scales.
A special section on the disproportionate impacts that tropical cyclones have on disaster statistics as well as on developing countries.
Contributions from UNDRR and WHO discussing relevant sectoral loss and damage statistics, challenges and opportunities in recording and analysis of loss and damage data consid ...
Guidelines on Surface Station Data Quality Control and Quality Assurance for Climate Applications (WMO-No. 1269)
The publication provides guidance on quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) principles and procedures for observational data from surface meteorological stations. It discusses QC/QA requirements for climate applications, documents key elements of data life cycle quality assurance and provides a range of categorised quality control tests.
Regional Association I (Africa): Abridged final report of the Eighteenth session (WMO-No. 1266)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Virtual session (18 to 19 March 2021 and 23-26 August 2021) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1266)
TCP, 30. Regional Association IV – Hurricane Operational Plan for North America, Central America and the Caribbean (WMO-No. 1163)
The regional activities under the WMO Tropical Cyclone Programme consist mainly of the programmes pursued by groups of countries acting in concert to improve their warning systems. In Region IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) there is a long history of collective action specifically designed to protect people and property from the severe tropical cyclones which are called hurricanes in the Region. A working group, known as the RA IV Hurricane Committee, was established by the seventh session of Regional Association IV (Mexico City, April May 1977) to promote such activities ...
Commission for Weather, Climate, Water and Related Environmental Services and Applications : Abridged Final Report of the First Session (WMO-No. 1259)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; SERCOM-1 (March–May 2020 (by correspondence); 22–26 February 2021 (virtual session)) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1259)
GCOS, 241. 26th Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-26)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
GCOS, 238. GCOS Joint Panels Meeting (AOPC-26, OOPC-24 and TOPC-23)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
IOM Report, 135. Survey on the Use of the Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; A. Lilja, S. Cohn, C. Fierz, J. Gueusquin, T. Konzelmann, P-W. S. Lau and A. Webb - WMO, 2021
Review for the Forty Years of WMO Tropical Cyclone Programme (1980–2020) (WMO-No. 1270)
To celebrate the 40 years of the WMO Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP), a review was organized to highlight achievements and success stories of TCP for the past 40 years, including foundational background history, activities, achievements, benefits to the Members, etc. The review also briefly looked at the ways forward for the future of TCP to address the emerging challenges and opportunities in the years ahead.
حالة المناخ في أفريقيا 2020 (مطبوع المنظمة رقم 1275)
The State of the Climate in Africa 2020, report provides a snapshot of climate trends, observed high-impact events and associated risks and impacts on key sensitive sectors in Africa during the year 2020. The report also draws lessons on existing compunded effect of COVID-19, and pathways for investement for improving climate action in the continent.
AGM, 110. Commission on Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) - Expert Team 3.1 ‐ Report on Drought (2014‐2018)
This report is the output from the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) Expert Team on Drought (Expert Team 3.1) from 2014 to 2018. The team members addressed several Terms of Reference (TOR) requested by the 16th Session of the WMO CAgM held in Antalya, Turkey in April 2014. These TORs included the following: (a) Review the definition of drought and conduct a comprehensive review of the definitions and phases of drought (onset, duration, recovery and the ‘end point’ of drought in all regions); (b) Identify case studies and conduct a literature review of the socio‐economic impacts ...
GAW Report, 257. Fourteenth Intercomparison Campaign of the Regional Brewer Calibration Centre Europe
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET); Fourteenth Intercomparison Campaign of the Regional Brewer Calibration Centre Europe (El Arenosillo Atmospheric Sounding Station, Huelva, Spain, 17–28 June 2019) - WMO, 2021XIV Regional intercomparison of the Brewer Calibration Center for Europe (RBCC-E) was held at El Arenosillo Atmospheric Sounding Station of the “Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial” (INTA) during the period 17 – 28 of June, 2019. 21 Brewer spectrometers, 15 operators and experts from 11 countries took part in XIV Regional intercomparison campaign. The campaign was organized in collaboration with the “Area of Instrumentation and Atmospheric Research” of INTA, with the support of the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The Brewer travelli ...
WMO Guidelines on Multi-hazard Impact-based Forecast and Warning Services (WMO-No. 1150), Part II: Putting Multi-Hazard IBFWS into Practice
This publication, 1150 Part II follows WMO-No. 1150, Part I which was published in 2015. In the intervening years, as many NMHSs and their partner agencies developed impact-based forecast and warning services (IBFWS), understanding, experience and knowledge in this area has developed and grown significantly. The material presented in this “1150 Part II” seeks to distil and summarise that knowledge and to provide examples of good practices in IBFWS, illustrating and augmenting the insights contained in the original guidelines.
WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019) (WMO-No. 1267)
An overview of impacts from weather, climate and water extremes globally from 1970 to 2019 based on disaster data from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). Disaster statistics are conducted for the 50-year and decadal periods at the national, regional and global scales.
A special section on the disproportionate impacts that tropical cyclones have on disaster statistics as well as on developing countries.
Contributions from UNDRR and WHO discussing relevant sectoral loss and damage statistics, challenges and opportunities in recording and analysis of loss and damage data consid ...
OSCAR Series. OSCAR/Surface User Manual
The Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review tool (OSCAR) of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) Information Resource (WIR) is a key source of information for WIGOS metadata. The surface- and space-based components of OSCAR are intended to record observing platform/station metadata, according to the WIGOS Metadata Standard described in the Manual on the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WMO-No. 1160) and in the WIGOS Metadata Standard (WMO-No. 1192), and to retain a record of the current and historical WIGOS metadata. This Manual explains how to use OSCAR/Surface, ...
Report of the Second High-level Session (OCP-HL-2)
The Second High-Level Session of the OCP (OCP-HL-2) was held on 26 and 27 May 2021. The discussions were around two themes: (1) the future of weather and climate forecasting, and (2) the future evolution of NMHSs and stakeholders. This report summarizes the main perspectives and recommendations arising at the OCP-HL-2 discussions. The report will be used as a reference by all the stakeholders in global weather and climate enterprise to understand challenges and drivers for change as well as forming common visions and collaborative efforts.
The Report of the Audit and Oversight Committee : EC-73/INF. 7(3), 31.VI.2021
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Executive Council, 73rd session (14-25 June 2021, Virtual Session) - WMO, 2021
ORM11 GAW 271, 271. Report of Part II of the Eleventh Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Online Meeting, 19-23 July 2021)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Part II of the Eleventh Meeting of the Ozone Research Managers of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Online Meeting, 19-23 July 2021) - WMO, 2021
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.17: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2020
This Bulletin represents the latest analysis of observations from the WMO GAW Programme. It shows globally averaged surface mole fractions for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and compares them with the mole fractions during the previous year and with the preindustrial levels. It also provides insights on the change in radiative forcing by long-lived GHGs (LLGHGs) and contribution of individual gases to this increase.
State of the Climate in Africa 2020 (WMO-No. 1275)
The State of the Climate in Africa 2020, report provides a snapshot of climate trends, observed high-impact events and associated risks and impacts on key sensitive sectors in Africa during the year 2020. The report also draws lessons on existing compunded effect of COVID-19, and pathways for investement for improving climate action in the continent.
AGM, 109. Assessment of Simple Farmer Rain Gauges Used in the WMO METAGRI OPS Project
The purpose of the various METAGRI projects in West Africa was to increase the flow of information from National Meteorological and Hydrological Services to farmers and this included the need for simple rain gauges to be distributed to farmers. The METAGRI OPERATIONAL Project needed technical specifications for the ‘farmer’s rain gauge’ to make it more suitable for the purpose. The former Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO) Lead Centre agreed to cooperate with the involved NMHSs in the evaluation of the rain gauges by technical consultations, laboratory tests and fiel ...
AGM, 108. Manual For Creating a Weather-based Crop Calendar : A Case Study from Senegal
Crop calendars, indicating the optimal time of planting and the time of harvest, can aid both farmers and advisory experts in the field of agriculture to reduce any risks. Existing crop calendars are made available for many countries but the planting and harvest periods are very general and can even comprise a period of two months. Defining the onset of the rainy season for the different regions and providing more detailed information about crop cultivation in relation to the length of the growing season, will help farmers reduce their losses and increase crop yield. This report describex a me ...
توجیهات بشأن التعاون بین القطاعین العام والخاص (WMO-No. 1258)
As a guiding document for Members pursuing cooperation with non-State entities aimed, inter alia, at supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement, and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The document provides background information on the evolution of the WMO policy and the proposed transformation of the PPE Policy Framework ( edition 2018) into a WMO Guidelines.
The Guidelines are aimed to inform and facilitate global, regional and national actions by the WMO and its Members towards proactive engagement between the public, ...
2021 State of Climate Services (WMO-No. 1278)
More than 2 billion people are living in countries under water stress and 3.6 billion people face inadequate access to water at least one month per year. Meanwhile, water-related hazards have increased in frequency for the past 20 years. Since 2000, flood-related disasters have increased by 134%, and the number and duration of droughts also increased by 29%.
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is vital to achieving long-term social, economic and environmental well-being. But, although most countries have advanced their level of IWRM implementation, 107 countries remain ...
لجنة خدمات وتطبيقات الطقس والمناخ والماء والخدمات والتطبيقات البيئية ذات الصلة : التقرير النهائي الموجز للدورة الأولى
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; SERCOM-1 (March–May 2020 (by correspondence); 22–26 February 2021 (virtual session)) - WMO, 2021 (WMO-No. 1259)
公共私营参与指导原则 (WMO-No. 1258)
As a guiding document for Members pursuing cooperation with non-State entities aimed, inter alia, at supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement, and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The document provides background information on the evolution of the WMO policy and the proposed transformation of the PPE Policy Framework ( edition 2018) into a WMO Guidelines.
The Guidelines are aimed to inform and facilitate global, regional and national actions by the WMO and its Members towards proactive engagement between the public, ...
United In Science 2021 : A multi-organization high-level compilation of the latest climate science information
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); et al. - WMO, 2021
SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS FINANCING FACILITY (SOFF) : Draft Terms of Reference
This document presents the draft Terms of Reference of the Systematic Observations
Financing Facility (SOFF) UN Multi-Partner Trust Fund.
It is the result of an intensive two-year participatory process to which many stakeholders
contributed. It reflects the outcomes of the SOFF first and second potential Funders’
Forums that took place in March and June 2021. The SOFF team is grateful for the
support and inputs received from all stakeholders.
The document provides the basis for discussions and feedback at the third forum for
pote ...
GCOS, 240. The Global Climate Observing System 2021: The GCOS Status Report
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
GCOS, 239. حالة النظام العالمي لرصد المناخ لعام 2021 : ملخص تنفيذي
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
GCOS, 239. 全球气候观测系统现状报告（2021）: 执行摘要
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
GCOS, 239. The Global Climate Observing System 2021: Executive Summary
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
GAW Report, 267/Research Infrastructure Quality Assurance. Fifth International Comparison of Dobson Spectrophotometers Villa Ortúzar Observatory, Argentina, 4-22 March 2019
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Glen McConville, Koji Miyagawa, and Gerardo Carbajal Benítez - WMO, 2021This report describes the Fifth Intercomparison of Dobson Spectophotometers (IC/BUA-19) carried out at the Main Buenos Aires Observatory (Villa Ortúzar) of the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina) (SMN) from 4 March to 22 March 2019. The Dobson spectrophotometer D065 was used as a reference for comparison of measured ozone column values and to calibrate individual instruments. The Regional Standard (R-III) also participated in the event and was calibrated. Through this activity, the data obtained by individual Dobson Spectrophotometers at different measurement sites will be standardized ...
Sea-ice Information and Services
This document contains a summarized history of sea-ice information services, as well as a description of the various types of sea ice, the ice observing methods currently being used, and the types of ice information services currently being provided. The sea-ice information services of 17 countries according to region, including information about organization, data acquisition, products and forecasts, publications and contact details, will be available soon on the WMO community website.
Systematic Observations Financing Facility (SOFF): Second Funders’ Forum
This report intends to provide the basis for discussion at the Second Funders' Forum, with particular focus on: the value proposition of the Systematic Observations Financing Facility (SOFF), the proposed institutional and operational design and respective arrangements of the Facility.
Systematic Observations Financing Facility (SOFF): First Funders’ Forum
This document provides the basis for discussions at the first forum for potential funders of the Systematic Observations Financing Facility (SOFF), virtually taking place on 24 March 2021. The objective of the first forum is to present to potential funders the rationale for the establishment of SOFF; to present the current approach to the institutional design of SOFF; to summarize the process, timeline and status of preparations; to identify participants’ questions that have to be addressed; and to present the expectations for the subsequent meetings. Two additional potential Funders’ Forums a ...
Report on the Unexpected Emissions of CFC-11 (WMO-No. 1268)
The Report was written by the Scientific Assessment Panel to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. CFC-11 (CCl3F) was reportedly fully controlled under the Montreal Protocol since 2010. However, a 2018 scientific paper revealed that instead of decreasing, CFC-11 emissions were increasing. In reaction, the Protocol parties agreed to Decision XXX/3: Unexpected emissions of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). This Report addresses: current and past observations of CFC-11 atmospheric abundances; information on the CFC-11 global and regional emission increase and subsequent ...
GAW Report, 266. System and Performance Audit of Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Methane, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide at the Global GAW Station Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus Germany, September 2020
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; C. Zellweger, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, R. Steinbrecher - WMO, 2021The 6th system and performance audit by WCC-Empa at the global GAW station Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus (ZSF) was conducted from 8 - 9 September 2020 in agreement with the WMO/GAW quality assurance system. This report summarises the assessment of the Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus GAW station in general, as well as the surface ozone, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide measurements in particular. The recommendations found in this report are graded as minor, important and critical and are complemented by a priority indication and a suggested completion date.
GAW Report, 263. Report of the Fifth Methane Reference Gas Inter-comparison Experiment for Japan from 2018 to 2019
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Teruo Kawasaki, Atsuya Kinoshita, Yousuke Sawa, Akihiko Murata, Shinji Morimoto, Shohei Murayama, Toshinobu Machida, Motoki Sasakawa, Kazuhiro Tsuboi - WMO, 2021The WCC-JMA organized six rounds of the CH4 reference gas inter-comparison experiments from 2001 to 2019 to quantify differences among CH4 standard scales implemented at each participating laboratory as well as to monitor the long-term stability of standard gases in Asia and the South-West Pacific. In the 5th round inter-comparison for Japan, two reference gas cylinders were circulated in turn to JMA, JAMSTEC, TU, AIST, NIES, MRI, and JMA from September 2018 to April 2019. The measurement results of JAMSTEC and WCC-JMA have shown a good agreement with differences of less than 0.4 ppb for two ...
HYDROMET GAP REPORT 2021
The Country Hydromet Diagnostics responds to the need for a standardized, integrated and operational tool and approach for diagnosing National Meteorological Services, their operating environment, and their contribution to high-quality weather, climate, hydrological and environmental information services and warnings. The Diagnostics is an umbrella tool that draws on and adds value to existing WMO assessment material by synthesizing existing approaches and data into an easily interpretable form, validating the information provided by WMO Members through a peer review process, and obtaining mis ...
Country_Hydromet_Diagnostics
The Country Hydromet Diagnostics responds to the need for a standardized, integrated and operational tool and approach for diagnosing National Meteorological Services, their operating environment, and their contribution to high-quality weather, climate, hydrological and environmental information services and warnings. The Diagnostics is an umbrella tool that draws on and adds value to existing WMO assessment material by synthesizing existing approaches and data into an easily interpretable form, validating the information provided by WMO Members through a peer review process, and obtaining mis ...
WIGOS 区域中心事件管理系统原型用户手册 : (2020 年10 月，0.1 版)
This user’s manual is intended for registered users to the Incident Management System (IMS) prototype for Regional WIGOS Centres (RWCs) which is provided and configured at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), based on JIRA software, an online tool for issue tracking. The IMS for RWCs is a project under ECMWF JIRA, designed as a global system, that is available for RWCs to perform one of their mandatory function, the WIGOS Data Quality Monitoring System (WDQMS) incident management function. The expected users of this manual include the RWCs staff, the National Focal P ...
Guidelines on Ensemble Prediction System Postprocessing (WMO-No. 1254)
This guide to methods for Postprocessing of Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) is designed to provide an outline of different methods by which WMO Members can exploit available EPS forecasts to extract useful information and to enhance and improve forecasts using postprocessing techniques. It provides some background on what statistical methods and data choices may be used for training, real-time forecasting, and validation. It is not a detailed instruction manual on how to implement methods, or of the detailed mathematics behind methods, but wherever possible it will provide references to wher ...
GAW Report, 265. System and Performance audit for Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds at the Global GAW Station Cape Verde, December 2019
A system and performance audit for VOCs was conducted at the Cabo Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVO) (co-organised by the Chemistry Department, University of York and by the World Calibration Centre for VOC, WCC-VOC). The audit was conducted from November 27th to December 2nd in year 2019. The observatory is operated as a global GAW station and analyses on-line air samples directly collected at the station towers. The audit was conducted according to the existing WMO/GAW guidelines and SOPs for audits . The audit directly involved the responsible site research scientist and the station manage ...
Manual on Codes - International Codes, Volume I.2, Annex II to the WMO Technical Regulations : Part B – Binary Codes, Part C – Common Features to Binary and Alphanumeric Codes
Volume I contains WMO international codes for meteorological data and other geophysical data relating to meteorology. The relevant regulations are given for each code form.
GAW Report, 264. Report of the Sixth Methane Reference Gas Inter-comparison Experiment for Asia from 2018 to 2019
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Teruo Kawasaki, Atsuya Kinoshita, Yousuke Sawa, Shuangxi Fang, Haeyoung Lee, Yogesh K. Tiwari - WMO, 2021The WCC-JMA organized six rounds of the CH4 reference gas inter-comparison experiments from 2001 to 2019 to quantify differences among CH4 standard scales implemented at each participating laboratory as well as to monitor the long-term stability of standard gases in Asia and the South-West Pacific. In the 6th round robin inter-comparison for Asia, two reference gas cylinders were circulated in turn to JMA, CMA, KMA/NIMS, IITM, and JMA from January 2018 to September 2019. The inter-comparison results confirmed that the differences between each laboratory and WCC-JMA were within the GAW networ ...
دليل المستخدم للنموذج الأولي لنظام إدارة الحوادث في المراكز الإقليمية للنظام العالمي المتكامل للرصد التابع للمنظمة - الطبعة 0.1
This user’s manual is intended for registered users to the Incident Management System (IMS) prototype for Regional WIGOS Centres (RWCs) which is provided and configured at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), based on JIRA software, an online tool for issue tracking. The IMS for RWCs is a project under ECMWF JIRA, designed as a global system, that is available for RWCs to perform one of their mandatory function, the WIGOS Data Quality Monitoring System (WDQMS) incident management function. The expected users of this manual include the RWCs staff, the National Focal P ...
User Manual on the Incident Management System Prototype for Regional WIGOS Centres : (Version 0.1, October 2020)
This user’s manual is intended for registered users to the Incident Management System (IMS) prototype for Regional WIGOS Centres (RWCs) which is provided and configured at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), based on JIRA software, an online tool for issue tracking. The IMS for RWCs is a project under ECMWF JIRA, designed as a global system, that is available for RWCs to perform one of their mandatory function, the WIGOS Data Quality Monitoring System (WDQMS) incident management function. The expected users of this manual include the RWCs staff, the National Focal P ...
IOM Report, 134. Report on Interlaboratory Comparison in the field of Temperature, Humidity and Pressure in the WMO Regional Association II, V and VI (MM-ILC-2018-THP-2)
WMO, 2021This report presents the results of an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with participation of all Regional Instrument Centres (RICs) in WMO Regional Associations (RAs) II and V, using the methodology and experience from the ILC in RA VI in 2016. The ILC was coordinated by RIC Tsukuba (Japan) with support and input from RIC Ljubljana and the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (Slovenia). The results of the ILC in RA II and RA V clearly demonstrate the high capabilities of these RICs, particularly in the domains of temperature and humidity calibration. Some areas requirin ...
Guidelines for Public-Private Engagement (WMO-No. 1258)
As a guiding document for Members pursuing cooperation with non-State entities aimed, inter alia, at supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement, and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The document provides background information on the evolution of the WMO policy and the proposed transformation of the PPE Policy Framework ( edition 2018) into a WMO Guidelines.
The Guidelines are aimed to inform and facilitate global, regional and national actions by the WMO and its Members towards proactive engagement between the public, ...
Stories of success: Piloting a Regional Early Warning System for Increased Resilience in the Lake Victoria Region
HIGHWAY delivers improved early warnings to local communities by using innovative products and leveraging existing scientific expertise of the national meteorological services in the East African Region.
WCDMP, 86. Tenth Seminar for Homogenization and Quality Control in Climatological Databases and Fifth Conference on Spatial Interpolation Techniques in Climatology and Meteorology
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Tenth Seminar for Homogenization and Quality Control in Climatological Databases and Fifth Conference on Spatial Interpolation Techniques in Climatology and Meteorology (Budapest, Hungary, 12-14 October 2020, Online) - WMO, 2021In this paper we try to summarize the main topics of homogenization, quality control and spatial interpolation.
First Report of the WMO COVID-19 Task Team : Review on Meteorological and Air Quality Factors Affecting the COVID-19 Pandemic (WMO-No. 1262)
This First Report of the WMO Research Board COVID-19 Task Team, provides an assessment of the state of knowledge of meteorological and air quality (MAQ) factors influencing the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report critically appraises peer reviewed studies on the role of MAQ factors (Temperature, Humidity, Solar radiation, Air Quality, etc.) on the spatial and temporal variability of COVID-19 incidence and severity across climate zones, including clear interrogation of uncertainties. It also assesses the role of changing seasons on the trajectory of the pandemic at a range of time a ...
WIGOS Technical Report, 2021-01. The Benefits of AMDAR Data to Meteorology and Aviation
This report focuses on the benefits of AMDAR data to both aviation and meteorology. After a brief introduction to AMDAR and the ABO programme, a description of the meteorological elements observed and their tolerances are given along with an overview of global airline participation.
Guidance on Integrated Urban Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environment Services - Volume II : Demonstration Cities
This Guidance Volume II: Demonstration Cities presents an overview of the demand for integrated urban services and the particular practices of the integrated urban services implementation. This Guidance builds on examples from 27 demonstration cities and provides details of the types of integrated urban services and their placement within distinct administrative frameworks. The details from these cities are abstracted to create a map that illustrates the level of integration between services providers and between services and the economic sectors. According to the degree of integration, demons ...
GCOS, 237. Report of the Twelfth GCOS Reference Upper Air Network Implementation Coordination Meeting (GRUAN ICM-12)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
GCOS, 236. GCOS Steering Committe Twenty-eighth Session (GCOS SC-28)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2021
Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting
This publication is the outcome of the revision, expansion, and up-dating of the 1998 Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting. It is designed to enhance the provision of up-to-date information and guidance material on all aspects of the ocean-related activities of National Meteorological Services.
This 2018 (3rd edition) represents the latest updates, taking into account the dramatic improvements in wave modelling and observational capability over the last two decades. It also contains a web-based Dynamic part, describing operational wave models, also available on the WMO website ...
GCOS, 234. 25th Session of the GCOS/WCRP Atmospheric Observation Panel for Climate (AOPC-25)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2020
GCOS, 233. Virtual Session for the 23rd Session of the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); et al. - WMO, 2020
ETR, 26. Training Materials and Best Practices for Chemical Weather/Air Quality Forecasting (ETR-26)
2020 State of Climate Services: Risk Information and Early Warning Systems
Between 1970 and 2019, 79% of disasters worldwide involved weather, water, and climate-related hazards. These disasters accounted for 56% of deaths and 75% of economic losses from disasters associated with natural hazards reported during that period. As climate change continues to threaten human lives, ecosystems and economies, risk information and early warning systems (EWS) are increasingly seen as key for reducing these impacts. The majority of countries, including 88% of least developed countries and small island states, that submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to UN ...
United In Science 2020 : A multi-organization high-level compilation of the latest climate science information
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); et al. - WMO, 2020
WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (GHG Bulletin) - No.16: The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2019
This Bulletin represents the latest analysis of observations from the WMO GAW Programme. It shows globally averaged surface mole fractions for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and compares them with the mole fractions during the previous year and with the preindustrial levels. It also provides insights on the change in radiative forcing by long-lived GHGs (LLGHGs) and contribution of individual gases to this increase.
GAW Report, 261. Sixth Session of the CAS Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry Scientific Steering Committee
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; CAS Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry Scientific Steering Committee, Sixth session (11-14 November 2019; Geneva, Switzerland) - WMO, 2020
Resolutions and Decisions of Congress and the Executive Council
Contains lists of Resolutions and Decisions of Congress and the Executive Council.
Regional Association III (South America) : Abridged Final Report of the Eighteenth Session
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Regional Association III (South America), 18th session (25–27 November 2020; Virtual Session) - WMO, 2020 (WMO-No. 1261)
Virtual First Meeting of the Joint Expert Team on Aircraft-Based Observing Systems (JET-ABO): Final report
This first meeting of the WMO Infrastructure Commission Joint Expert Team on Aircraft-Based Observing Systems (JET-ABO) was conducted virtually in three sessions over 8–10 December 2020.
Compendium on Tropical Meteorology for Aviation Purposes
This Compendium is intended for use by airport and airspace planners and designers, air traffic controllers and flight crew to improve their knowledge of the basic processes governing weather in the tropics as well as the detailed climate and weather of the individual regions in and adjacent to the tropics. This Compendium can also be used by operational and non-operational meteorologists, including aeronautical meteorological observers and forecasters, as well as meteorological training professionals as valuable reference material and a training aid.
State of the Climate in Africa 2019
The State of the Climate in Africa 2019, report provides a snapshot of climate trends, observed high-impact events and associated risks and impacts on key sensitive sectors in Africa. The report also draws lessons on existing gaps in climate change action.
The Report of the Audit committee : EC-72/INF. 7(3), 30.VIII.2020
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Executive Council, 72nd session (28 September – 2 October 2020; Videoconference - WMO, 2020
ETR, 27. Global Campus Innovations
Workplace changes occurring each day and more rapidly call for significant innovations in the way we educate and train people for their professional careers. The new global and digital economies call for fluidity, resilience, and readiness for rapid reskilling to meet changing demands. The many papers collected in this publication reveal just a small sample of the innovations being explored in education and training around the world. Many of these originated as goals to increase access for learners, to make learning more efficient, or to increase the impacts of training initiatives to ensure t ...
Storm surges
What are natural hazards... and disasters? Forces of nature that happen with little warning and occur all over the world, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, tropical cyclones (and other storms), storm surges, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and volcanoes.
When these natural hazards pose a threat to humans or the environment they can lead to disasters and cause destruction in a community.
What are storm surges? A sudden rise of water hitting areas close to the coast, usually created by a tropical cyclone, hurricane or other storms. The surge happens because ...
GCOS, 235. Report of the 9th Session of the GTN-H Panel
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); International Council for Science (ICSU) - WMO, 2020
AeM Series, 06. Outcomes of the 2020 Survey on the Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Aviation
A global survey on the impacts of climate change and variability on aviation was conducted by the Standing Committee on Services for Aviation (SC-AVI) between January and March 2020. The primary objective of the survey was to clarify the interest and concerns of an array of aviation professionals around the world to the climate change and variability issue and to its impact on aviation operations now and into the future.
Guidelines on Homogenization
This publication provides guidance on homogenization of instrumental land station data. For beginners, the publication describes prerequisites for homogenization (including data rescue, quality control, metadata, parallel measurements etc), explains homogenization practices in detail and provides an overview of homogenization software packages. For advanced users, the history and mathematical theory of homogenization is introduced.
Global Climate in 2015–2019
The Global Climate in 2015–2019 is part of the WMO Statements on Climate providing authoritative information on the state of the climate and impacts. It builds on operational monitoring systems at global, regional and national scales. It has been authored by: Peter Siegmund, lead author (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute), Jakob Abermann (University of Graz, Austria), Omar Baddour, Michael Sparrow, Rodica Nitu, Oksana Tarasova (WMO), Pep Canadell (CSIRO Climate Science Centre, Australia), Anny Cazenave (Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Centre National d’ ...
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